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• W3041793390 abstract "In the Anthropocene, amphibians must not only cope with naturalstressors but also a suite of human-made stressors that have been experiencedrelatively recently within their evolutionary history. Because it has becomeincreasingly common for natural and anthropogenic stressors to co-occur in aquaticecosystems, the study of their separate and combined effects on ecosystems andtheir component species is increasingly necessary. This is especially important for amphibians,which have experienced global declines and can be highly sensitive to bothnatural and anthropogenic stressors. Pesticides and parasites are two commonlyco-occurring stressors that can have complex individual and synergisticdetrimental effects in amphibian populations. Here, I conducted three studiesto broadly assess the separate and interactive effects of pesticides andparasites on amphibians. More specifically, I explored: 1) the underlying physiologicalmechanism allowing amphibians to induce increased tolerance to a pesticidewithin a single generation, 2) the effects of exposure timing to twofunctionally similar cryptic parasite species on infection outcomes, and 3) population-levelvariation in susceptibility to parasites and whether prior exposure topesticides influenced the outcome of host-parasite interactions. First, to testthe hypothesis thatinduced pesticide tolerance is the result of a generalized stress response, Iexposed tadpoles to an anthropogenic stressor (sublethal pesticide dose), anatural stressor (cues from a caged predator), or a simulated stressor viaexogenous exposure to the stress hormone corticosterone (CORT). I then exposedthe larvae to a lethal carbaryl treatment to assess how the stressor exposuresinfluenced survival. I found that prior exposure to exogenous CORT and predatorcues induced tolerance to a lethal concentration of carbaryl, providingevidence that pesticide tolerance can be induced by a generalized stressresponse both in the presence and absence (exogenous CORT) of specific cues. Second,I explored how the timing of host exposure to two co-occurring crypticechinostome species influences infection outcomes. I found that echinostome infection success inlarval anurans can differ significantly based on the parasite species makeup,density, and exposure timing. I also found that priority effects can occur evenbetween functionally similar cryptic species, with an early exposure to Echinoparyphiumlineage 3 reducing the infection success of Echinostoma trivolvis threedays later. Finally, I assessed the influence of pesticide exposure onhost-parasite interactions and population-level variation in these responses.This was accomplished by exposing wood frog larvae from eightpopulations to one of two treatments (asublethal carbaryl concentration or a pesticide-free control) followed by controlledparasite exposures to either echinostome trematodes or ranavirus. Then, Iassessed how pesticide exposure influenced infection loads, infectionprevalence, and survival in each population. I found significant population-levelvariation in infection outcomes. Interestingly, however, I found no significanteffects of pesticide exposure on disease outcomes. Together, these threestudies demonstrate the wide-ranging and surprising outcomes that can resultfrom interactions among and between natural and anthropogenic stressors." @default.
• W3041793390 created "2020-07-16" @default.
• W3041793390 creator A5001918736 @default.
• W3041793390 date "2020-04-24" @default.
• W3041793390 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W3041793390 title "Exploring the Separate and Interactive Effects of Pesticides and Parasites on Amphibians" @default.
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