FRINK Linked Data Fragments server

Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W3042298677> ?p ?o ?g. }

• W3042298677 endingPage "878" @default.
• W3042298677 startingPage "876" @default.
• W3042298677 abstract "Dear editor, Since the middle of December 2019, human-to-human transmission of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has occurred among close contacts.1 It has been confirmed that 7 199 313 infections and 408 732 deaths worldwide with a death rate of 5.68% (up to June 9 according to real-time big-data reports). Asia, Europe, and America are becoming the most affected pandemic outbreak areas. Until now, global attention has largely been focused on infected patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and physical and psychological states of the frontline medical workers in recent society. With the rapid development of information technology, psychological influences spread more widely via the “We Media,” which is a new media tool beyond what existed at the time of the SARS outbreak in 2003.1 Therefore, COVID-19 represents a psychological challenge, both for those who experience it and healthcare providers. From observations surrounding the SARS outbreak, such challenges are likely to lead to a secondary disaster due to stress and psychological distress,2 even after the COVID-19 outbreak is over. Severe psychological stress factors are highly likely to induce serious mental illnesses and promote post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in particular. PTSD is defined as a stress-related disorder with subsequent autoimmune disease that may arise after exposure to a serious traumatic event or injury.3 It is suggested that PTSD conforms with a bi-phasic stress response model: Acute stress may reflect an enhancement of the immune response while chronic stress may reflect a suppression of the immune response with increased susceptibility to infections. Therefore, these correlations pose a complex question regarding the conversion from T-helper 1 cells (Th1) to T-helper 2 cells (Th2). A study showed that chronic stress elicits the simultaneous suppression and enhancement of the immune response via alteration of the cytokine expression pattern.4 In the chronic stress model, CD4+ Th1 subsets release Th1 cytokines that activate the inflammatory cellular immune response. The response involves IL12 and IFN-G, which is strongly suppressed by IL10. This action helps to shift the cellular immune response from anti-inflammatory process of Th1 to Th2 via adrenergic agonists as a result of stress. Moreover, the immunosuppressive effect is specific to the inflammatory cellular immune system. A shift from Th1 to Th2 cellular is strongly enhanced through the suppression of IL12, which is a major Th1 agonist within humoral immunity. However, the shift occurs proportionately rather than quantitatively. These effects above are observed over both the short and long term in PTSD. This decreased reaction of the immune system is also observed due to senescence with the chronic down-regulation of cortisol receptors sites. The down-regulation of cortisol receptors may reduce the capacity of lymphocytes to respond to anti-inflammatory signals and allow other cytokine-mediated processes to dominate in patients with PTSD. Many clinical observations have shown that elderly patients, those with an underlying chronic disease and treated with immunosuppressants, or patients otherwise in an immunosuppressed state could suffer from a decreased immune response and greater susceptibility to life-threatening virus infections. Such infections show rapid national and international spread, such as in the case of SARS-CoV-2, which is currently posing a global health emergency.5, 6 The results of studies are particularly important for individuals who might be at a higher risk of developing complications that are associated with respiratory virus infections, such as the elderly, for whom the increased susceptibility to pathogens is a serious public health problem. Influenza and pneumonia are the fifth leading cause of mortality in individuals aged 50 or older who might have lower immunity. Another clue has been showed that pregnancy is an independent risk factor to develop severe virus pneumonia under immune tolerance. The pregnancy bias toward Th2 system dominance which left pregnant woman vulnerable to viral infections might bring a challenge for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection.7 In addition, it has been showed that immunosuppression (secondary to disease or treatment) is by far the most identified risk factor to develop severe viral pneumonia by different respiratory virus families.8 Green ML has demonstrated that the profound and prolonged immunosuppression experienced by the patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation and intensive chemotherapy for hematologic malignancy resulted in high rates of viral pneumonia that far surpassed the incidence in the general population.9 What is more, the rates of progression to pneumonia increase even depending on the risk factors of patients relating to the degree of immunosuppression (ie, lymphopenia, early post-transplant, and use of immunosuppressive agents). SARS-CoV-2 causes COVID-19 around the world accompaing with multiple psychological problems, such as PTSD in particular, in infected and healthy individuals. Subsequently, a vicious circle involving immunosuppression between COVID-19 and PTSD may be engaged (Figure 1). During such a stressful period, psychological services and crisis interventions are needed at an early stage in almost all groups to reduce PTSD and in order to alleviate the current acute stress responses of individuals and patients and reduce the incidence of PTSD to prevent immunosuppression, thus breaking the vicious circle. Evidence-based medicine is of great importance to conduct population-based psychiatric surveys on the symptomatology of PTSD.10 Furthermore, neuroimaging can provide a heuristic framework for bridging gaps between thalamocortical neurocircuitry and depressive symptoms in PTSD.11, 12 Then, we can take appropriate psychological crisis intervention efficiently following the experience of China.13 We thank all the members of the Shanghai Medical Team dispatched to Wuhan. The authors have no conflicts of interest. The work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFC1307100), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81771465, 81930033), the Innovative Research Team of High-level Local Universities in Shanghai, and the Key Program of Nantong University Clinical Medicine Special Project (2019JZ021)." @default.
• W3042298677 created "2020-07-23" @default.
• W3042298677 creator A5049026741 @default.
• W3042298677 creator A5072619665 @default.
• W3042298677 creator A5084419872 @default.
• W3042298677 date "2020-07-17" @default.
• W3042298677 modified "2023-10-10" @default.
• W3042298677 title "COVID‐19 and post‐traumatic stress disorder: A vicious circle involving immunosuppression" @default.
• W3042298677 cites W1607730263 @default.
• W3042298677 cites W2607133520 @default.
• W3042298677 cites W2611140124 @default.
• W3042298677 cites W2627586041 @default.
• W3042298677 cites W2792047249 @default.
• W3042298677 cites W2809244390 @default.
• W3042298677 cites W2849819904 @default.
• W3042298677 cites W3006783394 @default.
• W3042298677 cites W3006847439 @default.
• W3042298677 cites W3007317281 @default.
• W3042298677 cites W3007846892 @default.
• W3042298677 cites W3009739970 @default.
• W3042298677 cites W3009912996 @default.
• W3042298677 doi "https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.13431" @default.
• W3042298677 hasPubMedCentralId "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7405215" @default.
• W3042298677 hasPubMedId "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32678521" @default.
• W3042298677 hasPublicationYear "2020" @default.
• W3042298677 type Work @default.
• W3042298677 sameAs 3042298677 @default.
• W3042298677 citedByCount "22" @default.
• W3042298677 countsByYear W30422986772020 @default.
• W3042298677 countsByYear W30422986772021 @default.
• W3042298677 countsByYear W30422986772022 @default.
• W3042298677 countsByYear W30422986772023 @default.
• W3042298677 crossrefType "journal-article" @default.
• W3042298677 hasAuthorship W3042298677A5049026741 @default.
• W3042298677 hasAuthorship W3042298677A5072619665 @default.
• W3042298677 hasAuthorship W3042298677A5084419872 @default.
• W3042298677 hasBestOaLocation W30422986771 @default.
• W3042298677 hasConcept C116675565 @default.
• W3042298677 hasConcept C118552586 @default.
• W3042298677 hasConcept C126322002 @default.
• W3042298677 hasConcept C134362201 @default.
• W3042298677 hasConcept C15744967 @default.
• W3042298677 hasConcept C159047783 @default.
• W3042298677 hasConcept C2778159538 @default.
• W3042298677 hasConcept C2779134260 @default.
• W3042298677 hasConcept C2910140627 @default.
• W3042298677 hasConcept C3008058167 @default.
• W3042298677 hasConcept C524204448 @default.
• W3042298677 hasConcept C558461103 @default.
• W3042298677 hasConcept C71924100 @default.
• W3042298677 hasConcept C89623803 @default.
• W3042298677 hasConceptScore W3042298677C116675565 @default.
• W3042298677 hasConceptScore W3042298677C118552586 @default.
• W3042298677 hasConceptScore W3042298677C126322002 @default.
• W3042298677 hasConceptScore W3042298677C134362201 @default.
• W3042298677 hasConceptScore W3042298677C15744967 @default.
• W3042298677 hasConceptScore W3042298677C159047783 @default.
• W3042298677 hasConceptScore W3042298677C2778159538 @default.
• W3042298677 hasConceptScore W3042298677C2779134260 @default.
• W3042298677 hasConceptScore W3042298677C2910140627 @default.
• W3042298677 hasConceptScore W3042298677C3008058167 @default.
• W3042298677 hasConceptScore W3042298677C524204448 @default.
• W3042298677 hasConceptScore W3042298677C558461103 @default.
• W3042298677 hasConceptScore W3042298677C71924100 @default.
• W3042298677 hasConceptScore W3042298677C89623803 @default.
• W3042298677 hasIssue "8" @default.
• W3042298677 hasLocation W30422986771 @default.
• W3042298677 hasLocation W30422986772 @default.
• W3042298677 hasOpenAccess W3042298677 @default.
• W3042298677 hasPrimaryLocation W30422986771 @default.
• W3042298677 hasRelatedWork W1908801296 @default.
• W3042298677 hasRelatedWork W1970447419 @default.
• W3042298677 hasRelatedWork W2020951156 @default.
• W3042298677 hasRelatedWork W2494324008 @default.
• W3042298677 hasRelatedWork W2579616474 @default.
• W3042298677 hasRelatedWork W2748952813 @default.
• W3042298677 hasRelatedWork W2899084033 @default.
• W3042298677 hasRelatedWork W3119540162 @default.
• W3042298677 hasRelatedWork W4313474620 @default.
• W3042298677 hasRelatedWork W4381942459 @default.
• W3042298677 hasVolume "26" @default.
• W3042298677 isParatext "false" @default.
• W3042298677 isRetracted "false" @default.
• W3042298677 magId "3042298677" @default.
• W3042298677 workType "article" @default.