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• W3042925996 abstract "Apicomplexan parasites evolved from a phototrophic ancestor. Parasitism evolved multiple times in the Apicomplexa and in Apicomplexa-like protists. Chromerid algae are the closest known phototrophic relatives of parasitic Apicomplexa. The chromerid Chromera velia is a free-living alga that can infect coral larvae and live like a parasite. Despite the benefits of phototrophy, many algae have lost photosynthesis and have converted back to heterotrophy. Parasitism is a heterotrophic strategy, with apicomplexans being among the most devastating parasites for humans. The presence of a nonphotosynthetic plastid in apicomplexan parasites suggests their phototrophic ancestry. The discovery of related phototrophic chromerids has unlocked the possibility to study the transition between phototrophy and parasitism in the Apicomplexa. The chromerid Chromera velia can live as an intracellular parasite in coral larvae as well as a free-living phototroph, combining phototrophy and parasitism in what I call photoparasitism. Since early-branching apicomplexans live extracellularly, their evolution from an intracellular symbiont is unlikely. In this opinion article I discuss possible evolutionary trajectories from an extracellular photoparasite to an obligatory apicomplexan parasite. Despite the benefits of phototrophy, many algae have lost photosynthesis and have converted back to heterotrophy. Parasitism is a heterotrophic strategy, with apicomplexans being among the most devastating parasites for humans. The presence of a nonphotosynthetic plastid in apicomplexan parasites suggests their phototrophic ancestry. The discovery of related phototrophic chromerids has unlocked the possibility to study the transition between phototrophy and parasitism in the Apicomplexa. The chromerid Chromera velia can live as an intracellular parasite in coral larvae as well as a free-living phototroph, combining phototrophy and parasitism in what I call photoparasitism. Since early-branching apicomplexans live extracellularly, their evolution from an intracellular symbiont is unlikely. In this opinion article I discuss possible evolutionary trajectories from an extracellular photoparasite to an obligatory apicomplexan parasite. a group of alveolate protists containing obligate parasites of animals, including humans. They include, for example, the causative agents of malaria (Plasmodium spp.), babesiosis (Babesia spp.), toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii), and cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium spp.). the nonphotosynthetic relic plastid present in most apicomplexans. It is surrounded by four membranes, suggesting its origin in a complex endosymbiotic event, and it hosts metabolic pathways that are essential for parasite survival. The presence of the plastid suggests phototrophic ancestry of these parasites. Accumulating evidence shows that the apicoplast originated in a rhodophyte (or rhodophyte-derived) endosymbiont. a group of algae closely related (together with the nonphotosynthetic predatory colpodellids) to the parasitic Apicomplexa. They contain a fully photosynthetic plastid, surrounded by four membranes, that lacks chlorophyll c, which is usually found in rhodophyte-derived complex plastids. eukaryotic algae outside the Archaeplastida – such as stramenopiles (e.g., diatoms, eustigmatophytes, chrysophytes), alveolates (dinoflagellates, chromerids, and apicomplexans), rhizarians (chlorarachniophytes), haptophytes, cryptophytes, and euglenophytes – contain plastids surrounded by more than two membranes, usually three or four. Such plastid organelles originate in secondary, tertiary, or higher order eukaryote-to-eukaryote endosymbiotic events, involving a eukaryotic host and various eukaryotic algal endosymbionts with a primary or higher order plastid (chlorophytes, rhodophytes, stramenopiles, haptophytes, cryptophytes). Given the ongoing intense debate about the specific origin of plastids in secondary or higher order endosymbioses, I prefer the term 'complex endosymbiosis' (complex plastid). marine and freshwater algae with a complex plastid; they constitute a sister group to the Apicomplexa. Dinoflagellates are known to display a high diversity of plastids originating in complex endosymbioses (such as secondary and tertiary endosymbioses), plastid replacements, serial endosymbioses, or even loss of the plastid. Various dinoflagellates can live as phototrophs, mixotrophs, heterotrophs, or parasites. a trophic mode combining phototrophy and various types of heterotrophy. a mixotrophic lifestyle combining phototrophy and parasitism." @default.
• W3042925996 created "2020-07-23" @default.
• W3042925996 creator A5022370191 @default.
• W3042925996 date "2020-09-01" @default.
• W3042925996 modified "2023-10-18" @default.
• W3042925996 title "Photoparasitism as an Intermediate State in the Evolution of Apicomplexan Parasites" @default.
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• W3042925996 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2020.06.002" @default.
• W3042925996 hasPubMedId "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32680786" @default.
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