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• W304465443 abstract "In a speech he gave on July 18, 1867, to the Phi Beta Kappa Society at Cambridge University, Ralph Waldo Emerson extolled nineteenth-century innovation and its effect on the individual imagination. ********** Great strides have been made within the present century. Geology, astronomy, chemistry, optics have yielded grand results. correlation of forces and the polarization of light have carried us to sublime generalizations--have affected an imaginative race like poetic inspirations. We have been taught to tread familiarly on giddy heights of thought, and to wont ourselves to daring conjectures. (1) An author and philosopher who captured the spirit of the age in his writings, Emerson serves as an entry point for learning more about the affects of technology on nineteenth-century American society. Major changes were occurring throughout society, as the rise of full-fledged factories brought record numbers of women into the urban work force. Lowell cotton mill in Massachusetts, comprised predominantly of female workers, was one of the most notable factories. Emerson, along with the workers at Lowell Mill, offers a glimpse of the ideals that shaped not only the industrial age of the nineteenth century, but the modern technological age. This article provides an overview of teaching and learning activities that combine both historical and civics instruction with the study of technology, in line with NCSS thematic strand (VII) SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY. (2) Specifically, these integrative teaching activities focus on Lowell Mill and Emerson, within the context of the profound political and technological changes of the nineteenth century. activities are based on the premise of cultural historian John Kasson that The experiences Americans have historically brought to their technology are profoundly rooted in their understanding of the entire experiment. (3) Below I provide historic background to contextualize ideology and its origins in the American movement for independence. I outline the ideals of a republic as conceived by Americans at the time and trace the conflict between agrarian and manufacturing interests in the young republic. Next, I offer two examples, Lowell Mill and the works of Emerson, as a means to explore the relationship between and American responses to technology. Lowell Mill, considered by contemporaries to be a republican factory, offered an alternative to the poor conditions observed in foreign factories. Ralph Waldo Emerson described in his writings his internal conflict between elation over new technology and fear that it would impair civic and personal freedom. For both Lowell Mill and Emerson I suggest relevant, digitized primary sources and discussion questions for students. Historical Background As industrialization developed, American culture came to assign technology with values. In the eighteenth century republicanism was not a reference to a particular political party. Rather it summarized the values of a republic and referred to both political and moral ideals. According to Kasson, The notion of began with a conception of the relationships among power, liberty, and virtue. (4) belief held that the delicate balance between power, liberty, and was constantly threatened by power. In order to check power, people within a republic were called upon to demonstrate personal notion of public virtue meant that individuals put the good of the republic first, over personal desires. Public virtues included social service, industry, frugality, and restraint. (5) Ultimately, the eighteenth-century view of served to mobilize American dissent against British imperial rule. At the same time, it also led Americans to believe they were part of a radically new and fragile political and ethical system. …" @default.
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• W304465443 date "2007-04-01" @default.
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• W304465443 title "The Course of the Republic: American Responses to Technology in the Nineteenth Century." @default.
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