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• W3047610580 abstract "HomePlant DiseaseVol. 105, No. 1Root Collar Rot, a New Lethal Disease on Tectona grandis Caused by Kretzschmaria zonata in Brazil PreviousNext DISEASE NOTES OPENOpen Access licenseRoot Collar Rot, a New Lethal Disease on Tectona grandis Caused by Kretzschmaria zonata in BrazilR. F. Alfenas, M. L. Arenhart, F. S. Alexandre, and G. P. Maitan-AlfenasR. F. Alfenas†Corresponding author: R. F. Alfenas; E-mail Address: rafael.alfenas@ufv.brhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-3675-9003Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, BrazilSearch for more papers by this author, M. L. ArenhartDepartamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso,78060-900, Cuiabá, MT BrazilSearch for more papers by this author, F. S. Alexandrehttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-3090-3644Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso,78060-900, Cuiabá, MT BrazilSearch for more papers by this author, and G. P. Maitan-AlfenasDepartamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, BrazilSearch for more papers by this author AffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations R. F. Alfenas1 † M. L. Arenhart2 F. S. Alexandre2 G. P. Maitan-Alfenas3 1Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil 2Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso,78060-900, Cuiabá, MT Brazil 3Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil Published Online:29 Oct 2020https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-20-0641-PDNAboutSectionsView articlePDFPDF PlusSupplemental ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat View articleTectona grandis L.f., known as teak, is one of the most valuable tropical hardwood species that has been extensively planted in tropical zones, covering about 6.8 million hectares (Kollert and Kleine 2017). Recent advances in silvicultural management and use of improved clones have enhanced productivity and wood quality of teak plantations in Brazil. However, the incidence of diseases has increased over time, being a threat to sustainability of commercial teak plantations. Therefore, forest pathology studies have been conducted in Brazil to minimize the risks of losses caused by the diseases on teak, ensuring the expected economic profitability. In a recent disease survey conducted in midwest of Brazil, almost 1,000 teak trees showing typical dieback symptoms with root collar rot were found. The diseased trees showed undersized leaves displaying yellowish to pale brown color, followed by wilt, defoliation, and death. At the base of the trunk, root collar rot was observed, with sloughing and deterioration of the bark, exhibiting flattened and encrusted fungi fruiting bodies of gray to bright white color. Over time, the wood of infected trees develops black zone lines and soft tissue due to both lignin and cellulose decay. The disease begins in the root and spreads to the collar of the tree, causing a collapse in sap flow leading to mortality. To discover the disease cause, samples of infected trees were collected to perform an accurate pathogen identification by polyphasic approach, as well as pathogenicity test. From isolation in malt extract agar (MEA), one fungus showing white progressing to gray mycelial growth was consistently isolated. Two isolates named GFP131 and GFP132 were characterized. Microscopic examination showed conidia aseptate, hyaline, ovoid to fusiform-ellipsoid shaped, measuring 6 to 8 × 2 to 4 μm; stromata with surface brown to dark brown; perithecia with variable shapes and ostioles papillate; and ascospores aseptate, dark brown, fusiform to ellipsoid, measuring 20 to 37 × 8 to 15 μm, displaying a straight germinal line slightly less than ascospore length. These morphological characteristics were similar to descriptions for the genus Kretzschmaria (Rogers and Ju 1998; Stadler et al. 2013). Genomic DNA was extracted from mycelium, and the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA with primer pair ITS1/ITS4 was sequenced and then deposited under GenBank codes MH481853 and MH481854. A BLASTn search showed >99% identity with Kretzschmaria zonata sequence (KY660541). Phylogenetic inference by the maximum likelihood method using Kimura two-parameter model confirmed that the isolates belong to K. zonata (Lév.) P.M.D. Martin. A pathogenicity test was established in a greenhouse with controlled conditions of temperature (28 to 30°C) and humidity (80 to 90%). Five plants were inoculated with GFP132 at the collar region with one mycelium disk of approximately 5 mm in diameter each, and the inoculated area was wrapped in plastic film. Disks of MEA culture media were placed on five additional plants as controls. Forty days after inoculation, all of the previously mentioned symptoms were observed for all inoculated plants, whereas control plants showed only scars at the inoculation point. The pathogen was reisolated from all five of the inoculated plants. K. zonata has been reported on teak in Nigeria (West 1938) and in Mexico (Cibrian Tovar et al. 2014). However, this is the first report of K. zonata on T. grandis for Brazil and the first report anywhere to include Koch’s postulates, proving the etiology of the disease.The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.References:Cibrian Tovar, D., et al. 2014. Rev. Mex. Cienc. For. 5:110. Google ScholarKollert, W., and Kleine, M. 2017. The Global Teak Study: Analysis, Evaluation and Future Potential of Teak Resources. International Union of Forest Research Organizations, Vienna, Austria. Google ScholarRogers, J. D., and Ju, Y. M. 1998. Mycotaxon 68:345. ISI, Google ScholarStadler, M., et al. 2013. Mycology 4:5. Google ScholarWest, J. 1938. Kew Bull. 1:17. Google ScholarThe author(s) declare no conflict of interest.Funding: The authors thank PROTECA, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Mato Grosso FAPEMAT (nos. 224618/2015 and 0211243/2017), and CAPES for financial support of the work.DetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 105, No. 1 January 2021SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 DownloadCaptionTypical symptoms of star anise spot disease caused by Alternaria tenuissima (J.-L. Lai et al.). Photo credit: J.-L. Lai. Water drops rolling over a strawberry leaf blade with a sporulating lesion of powdery mildew (B. Asalf et al.). Photo credit: B. Asalf. Metrics Downloaded 762 times Article History Issue Date: 8 Jan 2021Published: 29 Oct 2020First Look: 5 Aug 2020Accepted: 30 Jul 2020 Page: 221 Information© 2021 The American Phytopathological SocietyFundingFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Mato GrossoGrant/Award Number: 224618/2015Grant/Award Number: 0211243/2017KeywordsteakUstulinadieback symptomsThe author(s) declare no conflict of interest.Cited ByFirst report on the enzymatic profile of Kretzschmaria zonata5 August 2021 | 3 Biotech, Vol. 11, No. 9Enhancing Teak (Tectona grandis) Seedling Growth by Rhizosphere Microbes: A Sustainable Way to Optimize Agroforestry19 September 2021 | Microorganisms, Vol. 9, No. 9" @default.
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• W3047610580 title "Root Collar Rot, a New Lethal Disease on <i>Tectona grandis</i> Caused by <i>Kretzschmaria zonata</i> in Brazil" @default.
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