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• W3048953867 abstract "Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus are an abundant member of the family Clupeidae. This fish is essential to the ecology of the Chesapeake Bay and coastal waters of the Atlantic Ocean, providing the trophic link between plankton and the menhaden’s predators. These predators include the important sportfish striped bass (Morone saxatilis), other game fish, various piscivorous birds, and dolphins. Native Americans and early European colonists harvested the fish on a small scale to manure agricultural fields and feed pigs and chickens. New Englanders brought the menhaden reduction industry to the Chesapeake Bay in the 1870s. This led to the creation of the largest fishery on the East Coast of the US. The inedible menhaden were harvested en masse and processed to yield the commodities of fish meal and fish oil. In the early twentieth Century, fossil fuels took market share from both products, artificial N-fertilizer replacing fish meal, and kerosene replacing menhaden oil. The fish meal and oil became staples for the newly developed industry of concentrated animal feeding operations for chickens and pigs. The late twentieth and early twentyfirst centuries saw another shift in use of these products. Most of the fish meal and some of the oil went as feed to the lucrative and rapidly expanding global animal aquaculture industry. Most of the fish oil went to the new market of dietary supplements for the prevention of heart disease. Despite new evidence questioning the efficacy of fish oil for this medicinal application, the market remains strong. Mid-twentieth Century advances in mechanized harvesting of menhaden contributed to overharvesting that reduced the population well below historical levels. Political pressure from the industry and its allies restrains management measures. Sport fishers and conservationists advocate for reduced fishing pressure. The menhaden reduction industry provides important economic opportunities to a rural region and African American workers. A shift away from the animal product centered standard American diet may reduce the importance of this industry, returning menhaden to its prominent role in the natural food chain of the Chesapeake Bay." @default.
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• W3048953867 date "2020-01-01" @default.
• W3048953867 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
• W3048953867 title "Menhaden, the Inedible Fish that Most Everyone Eats" @default.
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• W3048953867 doi "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45481-4_6" @default.
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