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• W305777710 abstract "I. INTRODUCTION The United States initially developed concerns about the Islamic Republic of Iran (Iran) using its nuclear energy program as a cover for the development of nuclear weapons in the mid-1970s.1 After the 1979 Islamic Revolution deposed Iran's pro-western government, however, U.S. suspicions about Iranian pursuit of nuclear weapons increased dramatically.2 In the 1990s, the Central Intelligence Agency believed Iran was shopping for surplus nuclear weapons belonging to the former Soviet Union3 and that Iran's domestic nuclear program might produce a nuclear weapon by 2000. 4 In the current diplomatic standoff, the United States and its allies suspect Iran of using its domestic nuclear energy program as a subterfuge for the clandestine development of nuclear weapon technology5 in violation of Iranian obligations under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.6 In April 2006, the New Yorker published an article alleging that the U.S. military was actively planning for a possible attack upon suspected nuclear-weapon-development sites within Iran.7 When asked about the possibility of a nuclear strike upon Iran, President George W. Bush responded, All options are on the table. We want to solve this issue diplomatically and we're working hard to do so.8 The president's response9 considered in conjunction with publicly available excerpts regarding Hard and Deeply Buried Targets from the 2001 United States Nuclear Posture Review10 suggests tactical nuclear weapons may be considered a good option to destroy fortified, underground Iranian nuclear facilities. In 1945, the United States was the first and last nation to use nuclear weapons against an enemy. Since that time, the legality of both the existence and potential use of nuclear weapons under international law has been the topic of countless articles and books. The International Court of Justice (ICJ), the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (U.N.), promulgated the most authoritative analysis in 1996 when it issued an advisory opinion on the threat or use of nuclear weapons.11 Most of the literature, including the ICJ advisory opinion, focuses on city-leveling strategic nuclear weapons12 as an abstract concept in various hypothetical situations. In contrast, this Article will explore, to the extent possible given the highly classified nature of much of the relevant information, the legality of employing a comparatively low-yield tactical nuclear weapon13 against an underground target at a particular location within Iran. Such a factual focus enables a sharper analysis of situation specific issues. Iran has constructed numerous nuclear facilities both above and below ground.14 The high number of separate facilities necessitates a limitation upon the number of targets discussed. There is no military need to use a tactical nuclear weapon against surface targets because conventional weapons can easily destroy them with minimal collateral damage. Accordingly, they will not be addressed. The underground facility posing probably the greatest immediate nuclear-weapon-proliferation risk is the Natanz uranium-enrichment facility in the central Iranian desert.15 Indeed, Natanz is the facility U.S. military planners were contemplating when assessing the possible use of a tactical nuclear weapon.16 This Article will explore the various legal issues associated with an attack upon the underground Natanz facility. In the summer of 2002, President Bush made the first public announcement of a controversial new foreign policy now known as the Bush Doctrine.17 In September 2002, the U.S. government officially adopted and promulgated the Bush Doctrine in the National Security Strategy of the United States.18 In essence, the Bush Doctrine asserts a U.S. right to use force preemptively against an inchoate, emerging threat of sufficient severity to national security.19 The Bush Doctrine claims justification as a legitimate extension of the customary-international-law right of anticipatory self-defense. …" @default.
• W305777710 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W305777710 date "2008-03-15" @default.
• W305777710 modified "2023-09-28" @default.
• W305777710 title "Legal Constraints upon the Use of a Tactical Nuclear Weapon against the Natanz Nuclear Facility in Iran" @default.
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