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• W307896814 abstract "Are Fighting the World: A History of the Gangs in South Africa, 1947-1999. By Gary Kynoch. New African Histories. Athens: Ohio University Press; Pietermaritzburg: University of KwaZuluNatal Press, 2005. Pp. xv, 200. $44.95 cloth, $22.95 paper. Gary Kynoch's engaging book examines how gangs of Basotho migrants used violence and crime to survive under the harsh conditions of everyday life in apartheid South Africa. book is divided into six narrative chapters and an epilogue. Primary evidence was extracted mainly from oral testimony (including seventy-nine interviews with current and former Marashea), government documents, and newspapers. first chapter sets the study in the context of the historiography of crime, policing, and violence in South Africa. Chapter 2 opens with Basotho veterans of World War II forming groups in the Johannesburg area (Benoni) in 1947-48. We called ourselves that name, remembered a veteran Lerashea in an interview with the author, because we knew that Russians were those people who were fighting the world. [. . .] took the part of Russians- Marasheabecause we said, 'We are fighting the world' (p. 56). The anatomy of the Marashea is described in fine ethnographic detail: organizational structure and discipline, factional rivalries, social practices, and gender relations. Russian gangs were decentralized criminal organizations of adult Basotho men led by a charismatic leader (morena). main goals of were to provide duespaying members with personal security and access to women. Making money, Kynoch argues, became increasingly significant over time; the main profitmaking ventures were protection rackets in townships and squatter camps, and the sale of drugs, liquor, and sex to Basotho gold miners in the compounds. Interestingly, Basotho women also joined the Russians as full members, usually through their Lerashea male partners or in a desperate search for protection. Chapter 3 explains how the gangs survived in apartheid South Africa. Financially, revenue streams flowed from many different illegal enterprises. Politically, these gangs adopted a nonadversarial stance toward the apartheid state (p. 3). For instance, maintained cordial, even cooperative, relations with police whenever possible. Russians also made every effort to get the best lawyers to represent them in court. Despite vicious internal rivalries, the Russians found great sustenance in Basotho ethnic nationalism, particularly when challenged by outsiders such as Zulu, Mpondo, and Xhosa hostel-dwellers. use of magic and traditional healers, and the gangs' reliance on Lesotho as a sanctuary, fortified the Russians and their Basothoness. This illuminating chapter closes with a fascinating vignette about the adventurous life of Tseule Tsilo-a famous gangster who symbolized Borashea (Russianism). …" @default.
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• W307896814 date "2006-05-01" @default.
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• W307896814 title "We Are Fighting the World: A History of the Marashea Gangs in South Africa, 1947-1999" @default.
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