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- W3079281438 endingPage "141813" @default.
- W3079281438 startingPage "141813" @default.
- W3079281438 abstract "Conventional interpolation methods, such as spatial averaging, nearest neighbor, inverse distance weight and ordinary Kriging (OK); for estimating the spatial distribution of ground-level particulate matter (PM) data, do not account for the wind direction for estimating the spatial distribution of PM2.5. In this work, an interpolation algorithm, Win-OK accounting for the wind direction, is developed. In contrast to ordinary Kriging where all locations (irrespective of the wind direction) in the vicinity of a site is considered, the new algorithm (Win-OK) predicts the value at a certain location based on the measured values at locations upwind as determined by the wind direction. This new methodology, Win-OK is validated by applying it to analyze the hourly spatial distribution of ground-level PM2.5 concentrations during Chinese New Year and Chinese National Day in 2017 in Xinxiang city, China. The performance of OK and Win-OK are compared by using them to build PM2.5 concentration heat-maps. A “leave-one-out” cross validation methodology is used to calculate the root-mean-square error (RMSE) and standard deviation for evaluating both algorithms. The results show that OK sometimes gives an extremely high RMSE value using a Gaussian semi-variance model, and the standard deviation significantly deviates from the measured values. Win-OK was found to more accurately predict the PM2.5 spatial distribution in a specific sector. The performance of Win-OK is more stable than OK as established by comparing the calculated RMSE and standard deviation from predictions of both algorithms. Win-OK with a spherical semi-variance model is the most accurate method investigated here for deriving the spatial distribution of ground-level PM2.5. The new algorithm developed here could improve the prediction accuracy of PM2.5 spatial distribution by considering the effect of wind direction." @default.
- W3079281438 created "2020-08-24" @default.
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- W3079281438 date "2021-01-01" @default.
- W3079281438 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
- W3079281438 title "Using Kriging incorporated with wind direction to investigate ground-level PM2.5 concentration" @default.
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- W3079281438 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141813" @default.
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