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• W3080208048 endingPage "115464" @default.
• W3080208048 startingPage "115464" @default.
• W3080208048 abstract "Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers (BTEX) are known to affect environmental air and health quality. In this study, the levels of BTEX compounds were determined in indoor air environments during the winter generated by several different heaters: diesel pot-bellied heater with chimney (DH); electric heater (EH); unfluted gas heater (GH); kerosene heater (KH); and wood pot-bellied heater with chimney (WH). The samples were collected using a diffusion passive adsorbent (activated charcoal) and then analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the heaters differ in the quantity of BTEX released during operation. The KH was the most polluted heater based on BTEX measurement, followed by DH. The ∑BTEX for heaters were observed as follows: KH (290 μg m−3); DH (120 μg m−3); GH (84 μg m−3); WH (31 μg m−3); EH (16 μg m−3). Toluene was the predominant compound in all air samples. In KH and DH, the toluene to benzene ratios (T/B) were higher than 4 due to fuel evaporation, while GH had a T/B ratio of 3.9, indicating that the combustion of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) was the main source. Moreover, a risk assessment was performed to evaluate where the cancer risks (CR) for benzene and ethylbenzene exceeded the critical values (10−6). KH was found to be the most harmful heater for residents, followed by DH and GH. For non-carcinogenic compounds, hazard quotients (HQ) were found to be less than one and thus unlikely to cause health problems." @default.
• W3080208048 created "2020-09-01" @default.
• W3080208048 creator A5017080028 @default.
• W3080208048 creator A5045162137 @default.
• W3080208048 date "2020-12-01" @default.
• W3080208048 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
• W3080208048 title "BTEX indoor air characteristic values in rural areas of Jordan: Heaters and health risk assessment consequences in winter season" @default.
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• W3080208048 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115464" @default.
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• W3080208048 hasPublicationYear "2020" @default.
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