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• W3089756415 abstract "Inside the municipality:locating debates on local government Mosa Phadi (bio) and Peter Vale (bio) The rise of African liberation parties to power in the 1960s brought to the fore 'questions about the role and position of the African state' (Doornbos 1990:179, also see Mamdani 1996, Amin 1972). Leaders of newly independent African states looked upon the state as the machinery to drive far-reaching social and economic transformation, following the sustained ravages of colonial rule. As the 'institutionalised expression of political power' (Doornbos 1990:180), the state was to be directed towards confronting the ills and contradictions of the colonial past and foster 'development'. Faith that the state would provide a path towards salvation emerged from both liberal and Marxist ideologies, but for antagonistic reasons. While the former viewed the state as a vehicle to advance capitalism, the latter saw it as means to dismantle it and engender a classless society (Doornbos 1990:182-3). But the enormous expectations about what can be achieved through the state since the heady days of the 1960s have undergone profound rethinking. Hopes in the African state proved, by many estimations, to be 'ill-founded' (Doornbos 1990:183). The African state has been the subject of acute concern 'about capacity and performance, about styles and orientations of leadership, and about the measure of representativeness and legitimacy which African governments enjoy within the society at large' (Doornbos 1990:179). The Structural Adjustment Programmes of the 1980s were in many senses fuelled by cynicism in the capacity of the African state to deliver change. By the time South Africa emerged as a democracy in the 1990s, doyens of international development and global finance insisted that belief in the [End Page 1] state as 'prime mover in all development efforts' was 'misplaced' and 'erroneous' (Doornbos 1990:182), and prevailing wisdom insisted on a minimal role of the state to facilitate the conditions for free-market capitalism. The reform and democratisation of state institutions in South Africa was thus undergirded by contradictory imperatives: to address expectations of dramatically expanded development and share the fruits of economic growth beyond the white minority, while at the same time sustaining a minimalist state. The path charted by the South African state since the end of apartheid has fallen somewhere between social democratic welfarism and hard-edged neoliberal reformism with profoundly ambiguous results. In 2005, Beall, Gelb and Hassim (2005:682) described the character of the South African state as one of 'fragile stability': a stable and sovereign state presided over by a Constitution and robust legal frameworks, yet one facing acute levels of inequality, unemployment and poverty. They described a 'tenuous equilibrium' rendered fragile by the fact that 'appropriate institutions and processes have not yet been established in state and society to resolve–manage and contain–the potentially destabilising impact of social fractures' (2005:683). Ten years later, it was argued that South Africa's 'political order remains standing, but the pressures it faces are significantly more acute' (Robinson, Steinberg and Simon 2016:1). Following the troubled tenure of the administration of Jacob Zuma, marked by growing revelations of 'state capture', renewed focus has been drawn to the nature of the South African state, and the functioning of government institutions has come to attract public interest on what is perhaps an unprecedented scale (see, for instance, Chipkin and Swilling 2018). This Focus Issue of Transformation considers what is often considered the weakest link in the chain of South Africa's intergovernmental system: local government. The post-apartheid regime positioned municipalities as the primary state organs to facilitate community-based decision-making. In a country plagued by the decades-long legacy of discrimination, municipalities were given an enormous developmental mandate to fulfil. As the most direct link between the state and community, this institution is tasked with the responsibility to deliver a range of basic services to communities: electricity, water and sanitation services, and refuse collection (Koelble and Siddle 2014:607, see also van Donk, Swilling, Pieterse and Parnell 2007). Twenty-six years later, South Africa has yet [End Page 2] to address most of these past and present realities of political, social and economic inequalities (see Desai 2017, Alexander..." @default.
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• W3089756415 title "Inside the municipality: locating debates on local government" @default.
• W3089756415 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/trn.2020.0010" @default.
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