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• W309057741 abstract "It is State which educates its citizens in civic virtue, gives them a consciousness of their mission and welds them into unity. -Benito Mussolini, The Political and Social Doctrine of Fascism* general State education is a mere contrivance for moulding people to be exactly like one another: and as mould in which it casts them is that which pleases predominant power in government, whether this be a monarch, a priesthood, an aristocracy, or majority of existing generation, in proportion as it is efficient and successful, it establishes a despotism over mind, leading by a natural tendency to one over body. -John Stuart Mill, On Liberty* I. INTRODUCTION 1502 II. THE LANDSCAPE OF STUDENTS'FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHTS 1506 A. Students ' First Amendment Rights in Supreme Court 1506 B. The Murky Areas of Students' First Amendment Rights 1510 III. TINKER'S ENIGMATIC STUDENTS' RIGHTS LANGUAGE AND WHY THE NINTH CIRCUIT GOT rr WRONG IN HARPER 1514 A. What Tinker Meant 1517 B. A Suggested Approach: The Students ' Rights Language as a General First Amendment Savings Clause 1527 IV. THE BIGGER QUESTION: SHOULD SCHOOLS BE PERMITTED TO BAN CONTROVERSIAL STUDENT SPEECH? 1530 A. Why Protect Student Speech? 1531 B. Public Education and Inculcation of Fundamental Values 1533 C. Is Offensiveness a Reason to Censor Student Speech? 1535 V. CONCLUSION 1536 I. INTRODUCTION Examples of controversial student speech and complaints and disciplinary action that it elicits abound in American public schools. Consider situation in Ft. Lauderdale, where Nova High School officials threatened to suspend a student for wearing a t-shirt that was to other students.1 The offending t-shirt featured a picture of President Bush and caption International Terrorist.2 Or, consider case in St. Louis, where high school students received ten-day suspensions for creating a hot or website that ranked their female peers' appearances.3 From political to puerile, controversial student speech usually offends someone. And, as a result, school officials are often tempted to censor it. As a general rule, censorship of speech for its offensive nature violates First Amendment's bedrock principle that the government may not prohibit expression of an idea simply because society finds idea itself offensive or disagreeable.4 Even within public school context, Supreme Court's holdings confirm that the mere fact that someone might take offense at content of speech is not sufficient justification for prohibiting it.5 Indeed, since Court's seminal Vietnam-era decision in Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District, students have enjoyed substantial First Amendment rights.6 In Harper ex rel. Harper v. Poway Unified School District, however, a split panel of Ninth Circuit recently concluded that schools may proscribe controversial student speech merely because of its offensiveness.7 The opinion came in case of Chase Harper, a public high school student whom school officials prohibited from attending class while he wore a tshirt proclaiming HOMOSEXUALITY IS SHAMEFUL.8 The Ninth Circuit affirmed denial of a preliminary injunction against school, concluding that school would likely prevail against Harper's First Amendment challenge to its action. …" @default.
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• W309057741 date "2008-06-01" @default.
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• W309057741 title "In Defense of the Hazardous Freedom of Controversial Student Speech" @default.
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