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• W3092578268 abstract "The woolly rhinoceros was a charismatic inhabitant of the frigid steppes of Pleistocene Eurasia. Now, the genome of an 18,500-year-old woolly rhino has been sequenced. It points to a thriving population less than 5000 years before the species disappeared. The woolly rhinoceros was a charismatic inhabitant of the frigid steppes of Pleistocene Eurasia. Now, the genome of an 18,500-year-old woolly rhino has been sequenced. It points to a thriving population less than 5000 years before the species disappeared. Humans marveled at the Late Pleistocene woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis), as testified by cave art from the period (Figure 1); but did our ancestors kill off the species? Around the end of the last ice age, Northern Eurasia, home of the woolly rhinoceros, lost over a third of its megafauna — animal species weighing over 44 kg [1Stuart A.J. Lister A.M. Extinction chronology of the woolly rhinoceros Coelodonta antiquitatis in the context of late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions in northern Eurasia.Quaternary Sci. Rev. 2012; 51: 1-17Crossref Scopus (93) Google Scholar]. To what degree humans or climate change, or a mix of both, caused the extinction of Late Pleistocene megafauna has been much debated. A ‘Blitzkrieg’ hypothesis posits that human hunting wiped them out [2Klein R.G. Martin P.S. Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution. University of Arizona Press, Tucson1984Google Scholar]. In North America, megafaunal extinctions occurred within a period of less than 1000 years, around the time that humans arrived [3Haynes G. American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene.Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology Series. Springer, Dordrecht2009Google Scholar]. By contrast, extensive fossil radiocarbon dating has shown that last occurrence dates for large animals across Eurasia are staggered across tens of thousands of years [1Stuart A.J. Lister A.M. Extinction chronology of the woolly rhinoceros Coelodonta antiquitatis in the context of late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions in northern Eurasia.Quaternary Sci. Rev. 2012; 51: 1-17Crossref Scopus (93) Google Scholar]. Warmer climates and loss of open habitats are documented near the time the woolly rhino disappears from the fossil record, suggesting a role for climatic factors in its demise [4Lorenzen E.D. Nogues-Bravo D. Orlando L. Weinstock J. Binladen J. Marske K.A. Ugan A. Borregaard M.K. Gilbert M.T. Nielsen R. et al.Species-specific responses of Late Quaternary megafauna to climate and humans.Nature. 2011; 479: 359-364Crossref PubMed Scopus (435) Google Scholar]. Yet, humans were also present across most of its range at that time. A new study by Edana Lord, Love Dalén and colleagues [5Lord E. Dussex N. Kierczak M. Díez-del-Molino D. Ryder O.A. Stanton D.W.G. Gilbert M.T.P. Sánchez-Barreiro F. Zhang G. Sinding M.-H.S. et al.Palaeogenomics of the woolly rhinoceros reveals demographic stability prior to extinction and a genetic basis of adaptation.Curr. Biol. 2020; 30: 3871-3879Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar] in this issue of Current Biology has generated the first nuclear genome sequence of a woolly rhinoceros [5Lord E. Dussex N. Kierczak M. Díez-del-Molino D. Ryder O.A. Stanton D.W.G. Gilbert M.T.P. Sánchez-Barreiro F. Zhang G. Sinding M.-H.S. et al.Palaeogenomics of the woolly rhinoceros reveals demographic stability prior to extinction and a genetic basis of adaptation.Curr. Biol. 2020; 30: 3871-3879Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar]. This rhino lived around 18,500 years ago in northeast Siberia, many thousands of years after humans entered much of the woolly rhino range, and a few thousand years before the species’ extinction around 14,000 years ago [1Stuart A.J. Lister A.M. Extinction chronology of the woolly rhinoceros Coelodonta antiquitatis in the context of late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions in northern Eurasia.Quaternary Sci. Rev. 2012; 51: 1-17Crossref Scopus (93) Google Scholar]. What insights might a single woolly individual possibly provide into the rhino’s extinction? As it turns out, quite a few. The rhino genome sequenced by Lord and colleagues [5Lord E. Dussex N. Kierczak M. Díez-del-Molino D. Ryder O.A. Stanton D.W.G. Gilbert M.T.P. Sánchez-Barreiro F. Zhang G. Sinding M.-H.S. et al.Palaeogenomics of the woolly rhinoceros reveals demographic stability prior to extinction and a genetic basis of adaptation.Curr. Biol. 2020; 30: 3871-3879Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar] indicates that the individual belonged to a genetically ‘healthy’ population. The level of inbreeding was modest, indicating that the population was large enough for its parents to have a low level of kinship [5Lord E. Dussex N. Kierczak M. Díez-del-Molino D. Ryder O.A. Stanton D.W.G. Gilbert M.T.P. Sánchez-Barreiro F. Zhang G. Sinding M.-H.S. et al.Palaeogenomics of the woolly rhinoceros reveals demographic stability prior to extinction and a genetic basis of adaptation.Curr. Biol. 2020; 30: 3871-3879Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar]. If the rhino’s parents had been relatives, they would share regions of their genome that both inherited from the same ancestral chromosome. Inbred progeny can then inherit two copies of the same ancestral chromosome segment, one from each parent. Where maternal and paternal chromosomes are identical in the inbred progeny, the genome will show runs of homozygosity (ROH), genomic deserts lacking allelic variation. The more closely related the parents, the greater the number of ROH, and the longer the ROH segments. The sequenced woolly rhino did show ROH, comprising 5.9% of its genome. However, these ROH were of short length, suggesting that the rhino’s parents were not very close kin. One would infer a population that was large enough for outbreeding, but with gene flow from outsiders low enough to permit the population to consist of distant kin. Additional support for a relatively large population is provided by the level of heterozygosity detected in the woolly rhino genome [5Lord E. Dussex N. Kierczak M. Díez-del-Molino D. Ryder O.A. Stanton D.W.G. Gilbert M.T.P. Sánchez-Barreiro F. Zhang G. Sinding M.-H.S. et al.Palaeogenomics of the woolly rhinoceros reveals demographic stability prior to extinction and a genetic basis of adaptation.Curr. Biol. 2020; 30: 3871-3879Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar]. A large population can maintain substantial genetic diversity. Squeeze the population down to a small size and diversity is lost. Heterozygosity in the woolly rhino genome was much higher than in the genome of a mammoth isolated in a small island population, and was also higher than in the genome of an outbred mainland woolly mammoth, or compared to living rhino species [5Lord E. Dussex N. Kierczak M. Díez-del-Molino D. Ryder O.A. Stanton D.W.G. Gilbert M.T.P. Sánchez-Barreiro F. Zhang G. Sinding M.-H.S. et al.Palaeogenomics of the woolly rhinoceros reveals demographic stability prior to extinction and a genetic basis of adaptation.Curr. Biol. 2020; 30: 3871-3879Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar,6Palkopoulou E. Mallick S. Skoglund P. Enk J. Rohland N. Li H. Omrak A. Vartanyan S. Poinar H. Gotherstrom A. et al.Complete genomes reveal signatures of demographic and genetic declines in the woolly mammoth.Curr. Biol. 2015; 25: 1395-1400Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (129) Google Scholar]. The woolly rhino population remained large enough to maintain considerable genetic diversity [5Lord E. Dussex N. Kierczak M. Díez-del-Molino D. Ryder O.A. Stanton D.W.G. Gilbert M.T.P. Sánchez-Barreiro F. Zhang G. Sinding M.-H.S. et al.Palaeogenomics of the woolly rhinoceros reveals demographic stability prior to extinction and a genetic basis of adaptation.Curr. Biol. 2020; 30: 3871-3879Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar,6Palkopoulou E. Mallick S. Skoglund P. Enk J. Rohland N. Li H. Omrak A. Vartanyan S. Poinar H. Gotherstrom A. et al.Complete genomes reveal signatures of demographic and genetic declines in the woolly mammoth.Curr. Biol. 2015; 25: 1395-1400Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (129) Google Scholar]. Even a single genome is sufficient for ancestral population sizes to be inferred, using an analysis called ‘pairwise sequentially Markovian coalescent’ (PSMC) [7Li H. Durbin R. Inference of human population history from individual whole-genome sequences.Nature. 2011; 475: 493-496Crossref PubMed Scopus (977) Google Scholar]. Genomic regions of high diversity are remnants of a time when the rhino population was large, while regions of low diversity are from times when population size was low. PSMC determines the lengths of these regions of varying diversity. Short regions of the genome are more ancient than longer regions. That’s because during meiosis, maternal and paternal chromosomes recombine to form mosaic chromosome combinations. More generations give more opportunities for these chromosomal rearrangements to shorten the sizes of genomic fragments travelling down a pedigree. Longer fragments in the chromosomal mosaic indicate less recombination, thus more recent events. PSMC scans the genomic mosaic for fragments of varying diversity (reflecting population size) and determines the lengths of the fragments (reflecting the number of generations). And voilà — effective population size for the woolly rhino can be estimated back across tens and hundreds of thousands of years using a single assembled genome [7Li H. Durbin R. Inference of human population history from individual whole-genome sequences.Nature. 2011; 475: 493-496Crossref PubMed Scopus (977) Google Scholar]. The ‘effective population size’ is typically smaller than the actual census size, because in real populations genetic diversity is lost at a faster pace than under simplifying assumptions made by PSMC. Importantly, PSMC analysis found that the woolly rhino effective population size increased some 30 thousand years ago, with the larger size maintained until the lifetime of the sequenced individual. Woolly rhino populations were geographically subdivided in the distant past, as Lord and colleagues [5Lord E. Dussex N. Kierczak M. Díez-del-Molino D. Ryder O.A. Stanton D.W.G. Gilbert M.T.P. Sánchez-Barreiro F. Zhang G. Sinding M.-H.S. et al.Palaeogenomics of the woolly rhinoceros reveals demographic stability prior to extinction and a genetic basis of adaptation.Curr. Biol. 2020; 30: 3871-3879Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar] inferred by sequencing mitochondrial genomes from 14 Late Pleistocene specimens (one of which was rhino tissue found inside the stomach of a puppy frozen 14,000 years ago). A mitogenome is distinct from a nuclear genome, and represents a single evolutionary trajectory as there is no recombination. In a phylogenetic tree, the woolly rhino mitogenomes fell into two distinctive groups or clades that had split about 205,000 years ago [5Lord E. Dussex N. Kierczak M. Díez-del-Molino D. Ryder O.A. Stanton D.W.G. Gilbert M.T.P. Sánchez-Barreiro F. Zhang G. Sinding M.-H.S. et al.Palaeogenomics of the woolly rhinoceros reveals demographic stability prior to extinction and a genetic basis of adaptation.Curr. Biol. 2020; 30: 3871-3879Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar]. This very ancient split may have occurred when the geographic range of woolly rhinos contracted into small isolated refugia during one of the major warm periods (interglacials) that separate the various Pleistocene ice ages. By the Late Pleistocene, their geographic separation had ended, as both clades are found across northeast Siberian populations until the very end [5Lord E. Dussex N. Kierczak M. Díez-del-Molino D. Ryder O.A. Stanton D.W.G. Gilbert M.T.P. Sánchez-Barreiro F. Zhang G. Sinding M.-H.S. et al.Palaeogenomics of the woolly rhinoceros reveals demographic stability prior to extinction and a genetic basis of adaptation.Curr. Biol. 2020; 30: 3871-3879Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar]. Yet, within the last ice age, there were minor warm periods (interstadials) during which rhino range may have contracted. Then during colder periods (stadials) the populations may have again merged geographically. Populations drift apart when genetically separated, and reuniting them causes an increase in genetic diversity. This is interpreted by PSMC as a higher effective population size and may account for part of the increase around 30 thousand years ago detected by PSMC. However, there was probably also an increase in the actual number of rhinos at that time. More arid and glacial conditions set in 30 thousand years ago, leading to range expansion for the ice age steppe vegetation favored by woolly rhinos, which likely increased the rhino population size [4Lorenzen E.D. Nogues-Bravo D. Orlando L. Weinstock J. Binladen J. Marske K.A. Ugan A. Borregaard M.K. Gilbert M.T. Nielsen R. et al.Species-specific responses of Late Quaternary megafauna to climate and humans.Nature. 2011; 479: 359-364Crossref PubMed Scopus (435) Google Scholar,8Allen J.R.M. Hickler T. Singarayer J.S. Sykes M.T. Valdes P.J. Huntley B. Last glacial vegetation of northern Eurasia.Quaternary Sci. Rev. 2010; 29: 2604-2618Crossref Scopus (90) Google Scholar]. One can examine the mitogenome tree not only for ancient subdivisions, but for distortions reflecting changes in population size. Like the nuclear genome, mitochondrial DNA patterns suggest that the woolly rhino population was large and stable or expanding near the end of the Pleistocene [4Lorenzen E.D. Nogues-Bravo D. Orlando L. Weinstock J. Binladen J. Marske K.A. Ugan A. Borregaard M.K. Gilbert M.T. Nielsen R. et al.Species-specific responses of Late Quaternary megafauna to climate and humans.Nature. 2011; 479: 359-364Crossref PubMed Scopus (435) Google Scholar,5Lord E. Dussex N. Kierczak M. Díez-del-Molino D. Ryder O.A. Stanton D.W.G. Gilbert M.T.P. Sánchez-Barreiro F. Zhang G. Sinding M.-H.S. et al.Palaeogenomics of the woolly rhinoceros reveals demographic stability prior to extinction and a genetic basis of adaptation.Curr. Biol. 2020; 30: 3871-3879Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar]. Ancient DNA studies have detected similar signatures of population increase around 30 thousand years ago for other species that relied on steppe vegetation, including Eurasian horse, reindeer and musk ox [4Lorenzen E.D. Nogues-Bravo D. Orlando L. Weinstock J. Binladen J. Marske K.A. Ugan A. Borregaard M.K. Gilbert M.T. Nielsen R. et al.Species-specific responses of Late Quaternary megafauna to climate and humans.Nature. 2011; 479: 359-364Crossref PubMed Scopus (435) Google Scholar]. The woolly rhino effective population size is inferred to be higher using mitochondrial than using nuclear DNA [5Lord E. Dussex N. Kierczak M. Díez-del-Molino D. Ryder O.A. Stanton D.W.G. Gilbert M.T.P. Sánchez-Barreiro F. Zhang G. Sinding M.-H.S. et al.Palaeogenomics of the woolly rhinoceros reveals demographic stability prior to extinction and a genetic basis of adaptation.Curr. Biol. 2020; 30: 3871-3879Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar]. Because mitogenomes are only passed on by females, this outcome could result from male–male competition [9Hedrick P.W. Sex: differences in mutation, recombination, selection, gene flow, and genetic drift.Evolution. 2007; 61: 2750-2771Crossref PubMed Scopus (108) Google Scholar] — Paleolithic art shows what look like sparring woolly rhino bulls. If the number of sires was limited, this would explain the runs of homozygosity scattered across the genome, vestiges of the chromosomes of highly successful male individuals [5Lord E. Dussex N. Kierczak M. Díez-del-Molino D. Ryder O.A. Stanton D.W.G. Gilbert M.T.P. Sánchez-Barreiro F. Zhang G. Sinding M.-H.S. et al.Palaeogenomics of the woolly rhinoceros reveals demographic stability prior to extinction and a genetic basis of adaptation.Curr. Biol. 2020; 30: 3871-3879Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar]. Several ancient species within the woolly rhino genus Coelodonta have been described. The genus shows morphological changes in posture, skull and teeth as the rhinos progressively adapted from being mixed feeders to being highly specialized grazers in tundra-steppe environments [10Kahlke R.D. Lacombat F. The earliest immigration of woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta tologoijensis, Rhinocerotidae, Mammalia) into Europe and its adaptive evolution in Palaearctic cold stage mammal faunas.Quaternary Sci. Rev. 2008; 27: 1951-1961Crossref Scopus (51) Google Scholar]. Adaptations for survival in dry and in cold conditions may originally have evolved in response to high elevation, since a very ancient rhino species has been found in Tibet [10Kahlke R.D. Lacombat F. The earliest immigration of woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta tologoijensis, Rhinocerotidae, Mammalia) into Europe and its adaptive evolution in Palaearctic cold stage mammal faunas.Quaternary Sci. Rev. 2008; 27: 1951-1961Crossref Scopus (51) Google Scholar]. Lord and colleagues [5Lord E. Dussex N. Kierczak M. Díez-del-Molino D. Ryder O.A. Stanton D.W.G. Gilbert M.T.P. Sánchez-Barreiro F. Zhang G. Sinding M.-H.S. et al.Palaeogenomics of the woolly rhinoceros reveals demographic stability prior to extinction and a genetic basis of adaptation.Curr. Biol. 2020; 30: 3871-3879Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar] examined the woolly rhino genome for genes that might have evolved in response to cold climate. Strong candidates are the genes TRPA1 and KCNK17, which are involved in sensing cold or heat [11Karashima Y. Talavera K. Everaerts W. Janssens A. Kwan K.Y. Vennekens R. Nilius B. Voets T. TRPA1 acts as a cold sensor in vitro and in vivo.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2009; 106: 1273-1278Crossref PubMed Scopus (407) Google Scholar] and display significant mutations in both the woolly rhino and its ‘fellow traveler’ the woolly mammoth [5Lord E. Dussex N. Kierczak M. Díez-del-Molino D. Ryder O.A. Stanton D.W.G. Gilbert M.T.P. Sánchez-Barreiro F. Zhang G. Sinding M.-H.S. et al.Palaeogenomics of the woolly rhinoceros reveals demographic stability prior to extinction and a genetic basis of adaptation.Curr. Biol. 2020; 30: 3871-3879Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar,12Lynch V.J. Bedoya-Reina O.C. Ratan A. Sulak M. Drautz-Moses D.I. Perry G.H. Miller W. Schuster S.C. Elephantid genomes reveal the molecular bases of woolly mammoth adaptations to the Arctic.Cell Rep. 2015; 12: 217-228Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (64) Google Scholar]. For much of the Late Pleistocene, the woolly rhino happily grazed in the cold steppe across northern Eurasia, south into northern China, and west across most of Europe. But the rhino was ill-suited for the Bølling-Allerød interstadial beginning around 14,700 thousand years ago, which brought the warmest climate in 50,000 years. Open habitats were largely replaced by shrubs and trees, first in western, then in eastern Eurasia [1Stuart A.J. Lister A.M. Extinction chronology of the woolly rhinoceros Coelodonta antiquitatis in the context of late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions in northern Eurasia.Quaternary Sci. Rev. 2012; 51: 1-17Crossref Scopus (93) Google Scholar,8Allen J.R.M. Hickler T. Singarayer J.S. Sykes M.T. Valdes P.J. Huntley B. Last glacial vegetation of northern Eurasia.Quaternary Sci. Rev. 2010; 29: 2604-2618Crossref Scopus (90) Google Scholar]. A survey involving over 200 reliably dated woolly rhino specimens reported the last fossil occurrences around 17 thousand years ago in Western Europe, around 15 thousand years ago in Eastern Europe (European Russia), with the last survivors either in the Urals or north-east Siberia around 14 thousand years ago [1Stuart A.J. Lister A.M. Extinction chronology of the woolly rhinoceros Coelodonta antiquitatis in the context of late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions in northern Eurasia.Quaternary Sci. Rev. 2012; 51: 1-17Crossref Scopus (93) Google Scholar,13Lister A.M. Stuart A.J. Extinction chronology of the woolly rhinoceros Coelodonta antiquitatis: reply to Kuzmin.Quaternary Sci. Rev. 2013; 62: 144-146Crossref Scopus (20) Google Scholar,14Kuzmin Y.V. Extinction of the woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) and woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis) in Eurasia: review of chronological and environmental issues.Boreas. 2010; 39: 247-261Crossref Scopus (44) Google Scholar]. The large effective population size inferred from the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes suggests that the rhino population was doing well in northeast Siberia 18,500 years ago [5Lord E. Dussex N. Kierczak M. Díez-del-Molino D. Ryder O.A. Stanton D.W.G. Gilbert M.T.P. Sánchez-Barreiro F. Zhang G. Sinding M.-H.S. et al.Palaeogenomics of the woolly rhinoceros reveals demographic stability prior to extinction and a genetic basis of adaptation.Curr. Biol. 2020; 30: 3871-3879Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar]. Numbers were not collapsing then, even though humans had reached northeast Siberia many thousands of years earlier [15Sikora M. Pitulko V.V. Sousa V.C. Allentoft M.E. Vinner L. Rasmussen S. Margaryan A. Damgaard P.D. de la Fuente C. Renaud G. et al.The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene.Nature. 2019; 570: 182-188Crossref PubMed Scopus (80) Google Scholar]. Perhaps the woolly rhino was done in by subsequent climate and habitat changes [4Lorenzen E.D. Nogues-Bravo D. Orlando L. Weinstock J. Binladen J. Marske K.A. Ugan A. Borregaard M.K. Gilbert M.T. Nielsen R. et al.Species-specific responses of Late Quaternary megafauna to climate and humans.Nature. 2011; 479: 359-364Crossref PubMed Scopus (435) Google Scholar]. And yet, one wonders. Currently, humans threaten 32,000 species with extinction, including the five surviving rhinoceros species (https://www.iucnredlist.org). The woolly rhino’s closest living relative, the Sumatran rhinoceros [16Orlando L. Leonard J.A. Thenot A. Laudet V. Guerin C. Hanni C. Ancient DNA analysis reveals woolly rhino evolutionary relationships.Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2003; 28: 485-499Crossref PubMed Scopus (59) Google Scholar], has been persecuted for thousands of years, with at most 90 animals surviving in the wild [17Lander B. Brunson K. The Sumatran rhinoceros was extirpated from mainland East Asia by hunting and habitat loss.Curr. Biol. 2018; 28: R252-R253Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (6) Google Scholar,18Brandt J.R. van Coeverden de Groot P.J. Witt K.E. Engelbrektsson P.K. Helgen K.M. Malhi R.S. Ryder O.A. Roca A.L. Genetic structure and diversity among historic and modern populations of the Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis).J. Hered. 2018; 109: 553-565Crossref PubMed Scopus (7) Google Scholar]. Many large and slow-breeding animal species have become extinct in the last 50 thousand years, and this extinction is said to be unprecedented in the previous 55 million years, implicating the direct and indirect impact of humans [19Koch P.L. Barnosky A.D. Late quaternary extinctions: state of the debate.Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2006; 37: 215-250Crossref Scopus (493) Google Scholar]. Some Late Pleistocene archeofaunal sites in Europe and Siberia contain woolly rhino remains, including hunting tools made from rhino horn [20Pitulko V. Pavlova E. Nikolskiy P. Revising the archaeological record of the Upper Pleistocene Arctic Siberia: human dispersal and adaptations in MIS 3 and 2.Quaternary Sci. Rev. 2017; 165: 127-148Crossref Scopus (36) Google Scholar], with remains found at some Siberian archaeological sites less than 20,000 years old [4Lorenzen E.D. Nogues-Bravo D. Orlando L. Weinstock J. Binladen J. Marske K.A. Ugan A. Borregaard M.K. Gilbert M.T. Nielsen R. et al.Species-specific responses of Late Quaternary megafauna to climate and humans.Nature. 2011; 479: 359-364Crossref PubMed Scopus (435) Google Scholar]. This is not proof of hunting by humans, and the rhino genome shows no signs of an ongoing population collapse at that time. It is possible that only habitat changes caused the ultimate demise of the woolly rhinoceros and that humans were not involved. Yet, one may be forgiven for making this statement with a skeptical eyebrow raised over a jaundiced eye. Pre-extinction Demographic Stability and Genomic Signatures of Adaptation in the Woolly RhinocerosLord et al.Current BiologyAugust 13, 2020In BriefHere, Lord et al. sequence a complete nuclear genome and 14 mitogenomes from the extinct woolly rhinoceros. Demographic analyses show that the woolly rhinoceros population size was large until close to extinction and not affected by modern human arrival in northeastern Siberia. The extinction may have been mostly driven by climate warming. Full-Text PDF Open Access" @default.
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• W3092578268 title "Evolution: Untangling the Woolly Rhino’s Extinction" @default.
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