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• W309384972 abstract "ABSTRACT: The concept of intelligence embodied in I.Q. tests seventy five years ago is now being radically redefined in psychology. New approaches formulated by Robert Sternberg (1988) and Howard Gardner (1983) are many-dimensional, behavioral, and closely related to everyday living. In this presentation experimental, clinical, and anecdotal evidence about life before birth is marshalled to meet the proposed criteria of intelligence. Six specific implications and conclusions are drawn. The author believes that the field of prenatal psychology is assisting in the creation of a new paradigm about unborn babies. INTRODUCTION During the 20th century psychologists have been wrestling with the concept of intelligence and how to measure it (Spearman, 1904; Thurston, 1938; Guilford & Hoepfner, 1971; Sternberg, 1979). It was seventy-five years ago that the famous Binet intelligence test was first published in Paris, yielding its famous IQ rating. This was a milestone in psychology which has affected most of us in one way or another. Over the years, the weaknesses of these paper-and-pencil tests have become more obvious. They have been criticized as academic, narrow, culturally biased, and unfair to minorities (Block & Dworkin, 1976). One problem was that the tests defined intelligence; that is, intelligence was what the tests said it was, yet the tests did not sample the full range of important abilities. The subtle message which spread through our culture was that a test would tell you whether you were intelligent or not. This certainly put newborn babies at a disadvantage. How could a baby pass one of these tests and be declared intelligent? How could we even think that a baby could have intelligence when it hadn't been to school yet, couldn't write, and didn't know anything? Most people concluded that babies were not intelligent. Some, in fact, would still argue that babies, like Winnie the Pooh, have such little that we should not expect them to be intelligent. The very real intelligence of newborns is something I have been writing about in a dozen published papers and the book Babies Remember Birth (Ballantine Books, 1990) containing abundant evidence of unexpected perception, knowledge and even wisdom at birth. I continue to fervently wish that the whole world (and especially parents) would wake up to this impressive intelligence. However, my focus in this paper is on the intelligence of the unborn. If newborns have a credibility problem, think how much worse it is for the unborn. The odds are stacked against them. Consider the fact that as you push back in gestational age you have less and less brain until finally you have none at all. How credible, then, is any prenatal intelligence? That is the question I address here, prompted by two recent proposals which specify intelligence as never before; one is by Robert Sternberg of Yale University who expounds on The Triarchic Mind (1988) and the other by Howard Gardner of Boston University and Harvard University (1983) who elaborates a theory of multiple intelligences. Space limitations do not allow me to treat Sternberg's theory in detail but I want to introduce the key ideas and give at least one example of how the fetus might qualify under this theory. Please understand that neither theorist makes any comment about intelligence before birth. STERNBERG'S THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE: THE TRIARCHIC MIND Robert Sternberg (1988) celebrates three distinct but interrelated aspects of intelligence shown by people leading their everyday lives. An individual may be strong in some aspects of intelligence and weak in others. He believes that intelligence can and should be increased and has developed a program to do that (Sternberg, 1986). To him, intelligence is mental self-management; this involves capitalizing on strengths, utilizing experience, and mastering the environment. It includes what psychologists have referred to as self-regulation and learning (Rovee-Collier, 1987; Lipsitt, 1990). …" @default.
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• W309384972 date "1992-04-01" @default.
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• W309384972 title "Is There Intelligence before Birth" @default.
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