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• W3096602021 abstract "Microorganisms (or microbes) are organisms which can only be individually seen by microscopy. Many do not cause disease in humans and act as normal colonizers of human hosts. Complex interactions between pathogens, which are capable of causing diseases, the host and the environment lead to clinical infections. Pathogens fall into five main groups:• Viruses• Bacteria• Fungi• Protozoa• Helminths.With the advent of new and broader spectrum antibiotics, improved environmental hygiene, and advances in microbiological techniques it was widely expected that the need for diagnosis of infectious agents in tissue would diminish in importance. This assumption underestimated the infinite capacity of infectious agents for genomic variation, enabling them to develop antimicrobial resistance and exploit new opportunities to spread infections which are created when host defenses become compromised. The following are currently the most important factors influencing the presentation of infectious diseases:• The increased mobility of the world’s population through tourism, immigration and international commerce has distorted natural geographic boundaries to infection, exposing weaknesses in host defenses, and in knowledge.• Immunodeficiency states occurring either as part of an infection, e.g. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), or as an iatrogenic disease. As treatment becomes more aggressive, depression of the host’s immunity occurs, enabling organisms of low virulence to become life-threatening, and may allow latent infections, accrued throughout life, to reactivate and spread.• Emerging, re-emerging and antibiotic-resistant organisms such as the tubercle bacillus and staphylococcus are a constant and growing threat.• Adaptive mutation occurring in microorganisms allows them to jump species barriers and exploit new physical environments. Such adaptation allows infections to evade host defenses and resist agents of treatment.• Bioterrorism has become an increasing concern. The world’s public health systems and primary healthcare providers must be prepared to address varied biological agents, including pathogens which are rarely seen in developed countries. High-priority agents include organisms which pose a risk to national security because they:◦ Can easily be disseminated or transmitted from person to person.◦ Cause high mortality, with potential for a major public health impact.◦ May cause public panic and social disruption, and require special action for public health preparedness.The following are listed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United States as high-risk biological agents:◦ Anthrax◦ Smallpox◦ Botulism◦ Tularemia◦ Viral hemorrhagic fever (various).These factors, acting singly or together, provide an ever-changing picture of infectious disease where clinical presentation may involve multiple pathological processes, unfamiliar organisms, and modification of the host response by a diminished immune status.SizeThe term ‘microorganism’ has been interpreted liberally in this chapter. Space limitation precludes a comprehensive approach to the subject, and the reader is referred to additional texts e.g. von Lichtenberg (1991) and Mandell et al. (2014) for greater depth. The organisms in Table 16.1 are discussed and techniques for their demonstration are described.Table 16.1Size of organisms" @default.
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• W3096602021 date "2019-01-01" @default.
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• W3096602021 title "Traditional stains and modern techniques for demonstrating microorganisms in histology" @default.
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• W3096602021 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7020-6864-5.00016-5" @default.
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