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• W3097650413 abstract "The ant genus Cardiocondyla presumably comprises more than 100 species exhibiting a wide range of life-history strategies. The most striking feature is the existence of wingless, ergatoid (=worker-like) males in addition to or instead of the “standard” winged ant males. In several species, ergatoid males engage in lethal fighting to monopolize access to receptive female sexuals. Male morphology and mating strategies vary largely between species, as do traits like number of queens or colony size. Unlike in most other ant genera, mating takes place predominantly in the nest. Many Cardiocondyla species mate readily in the lab and therefore offer the opportunity to study several aspects of mating behavior in detail. The genus thus represents a fascinating model for the analysis of life history evolution, particularly the evolution of male morphology and male-male competition.Chapter 2 of this thesis reviews the current knowledge of male-male competition across ant species. The extent and nature of male competition varies with several factors, such as mating syndrome/location (male aggregation in aerial swarms vs. female calling with mating on the ground or intranidal mating) sex ratio, or number of mates per queen. While pre-copulatory competition has been studied for over a century, post-copulatory competition such as mating plugs or sperm competition in species with multiply mating queens has only come into focus in the course of the last decades. Pre-copulatory competition between ant males reaches from scramble competition in swarm-mating species to interference with other males’ matings in species that mate on the ground, to lethal fighting in species of the genera Cardiocondyla and Hypoponera with intranidal mating.Within the genus Cardiocondyla, males of the study species of this thesis, C. venustula, revealed a competitive behavior yet undescribed for ants: wingless males spread out in the nest and defend small territories. This presumably marks a transition between males of species from tropics and the monophyletic Palearctic clade. Males of the former usually engage in often lethal fighting, while males of the latter are mutually peaceful. In Chapter 3, this peculiar behavior, which was first observed in one colony from the introduced population in Hawai’i, is described in detail. In 26 colonies from two populations in South Africa and one population from Puerto Rico, males were observed spacing out in their nests and killing freshly eclosing rivals in the surrounding brood pile, but usually only engaging briefly in fights with other adult males. This corroborated the observation from the Hawai’ian colony. Male behavior was highly variable both within and between colonies, with territorial (stationary) males defending small spaces in the nest and other males floating freely through the colony. While reproductive success could not be estimated directly, the study showed that territorial males were in contact with alate female sexuals more frequently on average. We hypothesize that the defense of small territories inside the nest is an adaptation to the seasonal production of numerous sexuals and the spread of colonies over several small subterranean chambers prohibiting males from defending a “nest-wide harem” similarly to males in other tropical Cardiocondyla species.Chapter 4 provides insights into the population structure of C. venustula. Field observations, laboratory experiments and the genetic analysis of an intensively sampled population in Rietvlei, South Africa, suggest that C. venustula colonies are facultatively polygynous, containing one or several single-mated queens. Similar to other tropical Cardiocondyla species, colonies appear to be primarily founded by budding, but the existence of multiple mtDNA haplotypes in some of the colonies evidence that dispersing queens may occasionally be adopted into foreign nests or colonies may be founded co-operatively by more than one queen. Overall, levels of inbreeding and nestmate relatedness were extraordinarily high, indicating that most intranidal matings involve siblings. Furthermore, the peculiar behavior of C. venustula males, which defend small areas in the nest and thus are able to monopolize mating with several female sexuals, is considered to add to the high inbreeding levels. The weak isolation by distance between populations despite the apparently limited dispersal ability of queens and especially budding colonies indicate that long distance dispersal may be facilitated by human activity. Small colony fragments transported with soil, for example in potted plants, are thus able to colonize new habitats. This ability has also led to the spread of C. venustula to formerly uninhabited regions of the tropics and subtropics as a tramp ant." @default.
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• W3097650413 date "2020-11-03" @default.
• W3097650413 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W3097650413 title "Population genetic and behavioral aspects of male mating monopolies in Cardiocondyla venustula" @default.
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