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• W309822253 abstract "Churchill said of Soviet Union, cannot forecast for you action of Russia. It is a riddle, wrapped in a mystery, inside an enigma. The most perceptive part of this statement, and most often neglected, was his coda, perhaps there is a key. That key is Russian national interest. (1) Ataturk's had an equally focused foreign policy, intimately tied to national mission of achieving level of contemporary civilization, and parallel goals of security and modernization. Like Ottomans, he drew a distinction between core policy and day-to-day pursuit of this policy, He also recognized small power status of Republic and need for an international aspect to national security Turkey's permanent policy was one of alignment with West, while temporary policy was made up of any actions required to sustain national security. Like Soviet Russia and Nazi Germany, outside observers found it difficult to evaluate new Turkish Republic or interpret its actions objectively. However, key to Turkey's actions could be found, set out quite unambiguously, in National Pact, and in Ataturk's public announcements. The security imperatives of were clear, concise, and a good deal more benign than those of majority of new postwar states. From 1923, other than a determination to revise details of Lausanne Treaty, policy rejected expansion and aggression. It specifically eschewed any romantic notions of re-establishing Ottoman Empire, and it actively suppressed pan-Turkic aspirations. It was fundamentally defensive. What was seen by outside world would be temporary policies required to maneuver in a dangerous environment, whole object of which was defense of national mission, which could be dubbed the inverse-ghazi theory of foreign policy. Under Ottomans key elements in maintaining Sultan's authority and legitimacy were martial success, territorial acquisition, and distribution of wealth to supporters. By 1918 empire, war and alliances had all ended in catastrophe. After 1923, Ataturk based legitimacy of Republic on defense of a strictly defined status quo, in which national security was paramount. Foreign Policy Imperatives in 1927 Ataturk addressed GNA over a period of 6 days, setting out history, background, and achievements of new state, and laying down tenets of Kemalist, and therefore Turkish, foreign (2) The pursuit of national security was encapsulated in simple watchwords: Friendship with every nation; Turkey has no perpetual enemies; and most significantly, Peace at home, peace in world. (3) In addition he stated the State should pursue an exclusively national policy.... When I speak of national policy I mean it in this sense: to work within our national boundaries for real happiness and welfare of our nation and country by, above all, relying on our own strength in order to retain our existence [emphasis added]. (4) He was equally unambiguous about his assumptions of sovereignty, stating: We refer to full sovereignty as ... complete independence and freedom of action in political, economic, judicial, military, and cultural fields. Lack of sovereignty in any one of these connotes ... a total lack of sovereignty of nation and country. (5) Strict interpretation of these statements would be used by nationalist hardliners in post-Ataturk era to denounce NATO membership, foreign aid, U.S. troop-basing, and applications to join European Community. A similar interpretation fed demands for autarky and state control of economy, useful in early years of Republic, but increasingly economically self-defeating in late 20th century. This self-centered policy had its drawbacks. It encouraged introspection and ethnocentricity. It fostered a mindset that could view world only from a Turkish perspective. …" @default.
• W309822253 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W309822253 date "1997-01-01" @default.
• W309822253 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W309822253 title "4. the Exercise of Turkish Foreign Policy: Ataturk to Ozal" @default.
• W309822253 hasPublicationYear "1997" @default.
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