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• W309926620 abstract "WINNING THE WAR ON WAR: THE DECLINE OF ARMED CONFLICT WORLDWIDE Joshua S. Goldstein Plume Reprint, 2012 400 pp., paper, $17.00WORLDS APART: BOSNIAN LESSONS FOR GLOBAL SECURITY Swanee Hunt Duke University Press, 2011 296 pp., hardcover, $32.95In his book Winning the War on War: The Decline of Armed Conflict Worldwide, Goldstein refutes the popular myths about wars in the twentieth century. In particular, he contests the claim that the twentieth century was the bloodiest on record. On the contrary, as he points out, the current wars are rather fewer in number and smaller in scale (p. 5). In that sense, Goldstein argues that we are winning the on war through persistent efforts of peacekeepers, diplomats, movements and other organizations. Goldstein does not attribute the decline in the number of wars to the essentially peaceful nature of human beings (p. 6), nor does he propose that such a decline is somehow inevitable. Instead, he stresses the importance of an international body that is capable of easily deploying peacekeepers to conflict areas in order to provide the stability necessary for any concerted efforts to end violence and implement agreements. In his analysis, Goldstein undertakes an extensive foray into history in an attempt to demonstrate that humans have gotten better at preventing and ending wars. According to Goldstein, one of the chief reasons for such a positive trend is the establishment of the UN with the specific aim of reducing the prevalence of conflicts across the world (p. 44).Goldstein suggests that we need to think of wars in a more nuanced way, by placing them on continuums from bad to worse, and from small to large. While he does not downplay the smaller, localized conflicts (such as small civil wars or isolated terrorist attacks (p. 3), he asks readers to consider the bigger picture. He claims that the advanced information technology, which instantly spreads news across the world, has created an overwhelming feeling in many of us that only bad things are happening in the world and that the world is going backwards. Goldstein argues that the media bears responsibility for such a distorted picture, since news reports tend to focus only on bad news and on highly isolated cases of violence and terrorism.Goldstein believes that just as has gradations, so does (p. 3). It can range from a fragile cease-fire to a formal agreement, from disarmament to democracy. He cites eight peace factors that he considers responsible for the decline in wars and violent conflicts since the 1990: the end of the Cold War, the dominance of the United States, the economic benefits of globalization, the global acceptance of and of the sanctity of human rights as the societal norms, the greater reach of democracy, the increased participation of women in politics, the proliferation of NGOs, and the growing field of conflict resolution (p. 15).Goldstein acknowledges and elucidates four main failed UN peacekeeping missions-in Bosnia, Rwanda, Angola and Somalia. He believes that their failure was mainly attributable to the under-funding of these operations, as well as to the lack of personnel, and the lack of appropriate training. He follows up his discussion of the failures with an examination of four successes-in Namibia, El Salvador, Cambodia, and Mozambique. One of the main differences between failures and successes, according to Goldstein, is that there was a consent between all parties in the case of all the successful missions , while those missions that failed were dogged by the absence of any genuine consent. Goldstein outlines two essential areas for improvement: firstly, United Nations's missions need to to adapt by meshing the cultures of their own personnel from various countries; and, secondly, the military personnel must learn to do things that they would not do during a conventional military activity, such as placing their bodies in the path of an oncoming tank (p. …" @default.
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• W309926620 date "2013-06-01" @default.
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• W309926620 title "Winning the War on War: The Decline of Armed Conflict Worldwide/worlds Apart: Bosnian Lessons for Global Security" @default.
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