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• W309962218 abstract "The end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries witnessed within the multinational Russian Empire the development of Ukrainian political activity with national goals. Despite the Tsarist government's restrictive policy of Russification, the first Ukrainian political party, the Revolutionary Ukrainian party (RUP), was established in 1900 in the city of Kharkiv. The original membership, consisting primarily of university students, did not have a crystallized political or ideological platform. In their search for a possible program, the initiating members asked a young Ukrainian activist and lawyer, Mykola Mikhnovskyi, to write a tract for them. Mikhnovskyi produced a brochure entitled Samostiina Ukraina (Independent Ukraine), which was written in the form of a speech. The work was the first outward expression of Ukrainian aspirations for political autonomy based on national statehood within the Russian Empire. It presented highly charged demands based on historical and legal grounds. Though Samostiina Ukraina was later repudiated by the RUP membership for being too narrow and Chauvinistic in its outlook, it nevertheless gave impetus to subsequent expressions of similar form within the scope of diverse political thought in the Ukrainian national movement. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The Ukrainian national movement began early in the nineteenth century, at a time when the Ukrainian lands had been largely incorporated into the Russian Empire, the last vestiges of Cossack autonomy having been abolished in the late eighteenth century.(1) The former elites of Ukrainian society, the Cossack officers otherwise known as the Starshyna, had been assimilated into Russian upper class landholding nobility. The only remnant of differentiated identification was the official nomenclature of Little Russia or Maloros, literally meaning minor Rus. Thus, when national movements developed throughout Europe in the nineteenth century, the Ukrainian nation did not have a large national elite within its population to encourage and spread national awareness among the indigenous population. Although, for the most part, the upper layer continued to serve as functionaries of the Russian Empire, when the former Cossack officers began to search their past to prove their pretensions to standing, they quite unintentionally, provided material for a study of the Ukrainian past during the age of Romanticism. An example of works produced are Little Russian Songs (1827) by Mykhailo Maksymovych; Zaporozhian Antiquity (1833) by Izmail Sreznevskyi and The History of Little Russia (1842-43) by Mykola Markevych, all of which were written in the Russian language. It was also during this time that publication in the Ukrainian vernacular appeared. The first book written and published in the modern Ukrainian literary vernacular was Eneida by Ivan Kotliarevsky in 1798.(2) The author viewed this work as a means of preserving a peasant tongue that would be likely to disappear in the future. It was not until the establishment of a secular university in Kharkiv in 1805, however, that the seeds for a Ukrainian national development were planted. Scholarly works on Ukrainian subjects began modestly. The first publications were compilations examining the Ukrainian (Little Russian) language, literature and music.(3) Eventually, historical topics were covered, including a politically bold work entitled Istoriia Rusov, whose author and date of writing are uncertain. Circulated in manuscript until its publication in 1846,(4) it had a distinct anti-Russian tone. The expanding, though still small, Ukrainian intelligentsia was influenced by a number of European philosophers: Rousseau, who praised the noble savage, or, in other words, the peasantry; Herder, who stressed that every people or nation (Volk), has unique qualities, and who stressed the importance of language as the soul of the people; and, finally, Hegel, who considered nationhood just as important as individuality. …" @default.
• W309962218 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W309962218 date "1999-09-22" @default.
• W309962218 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W309962218 title "A Revolutionary Nationalist Declaration: Mykola Mikhnovskyi's Samostiina Ukraina" @default.
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