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• W3100622436 abstract "Patterns of civilization in the Central Andes can be seen to have fluctuated over the last 5,000 years in relation to climate changes. Starting with the first American civilization at Caral, on the Peruvian coast, other impressive coastal centres and cultural areas followed and subsequently the highland cultural areas and civilizations took over in what now seems to have been at least partly a response to periods of climate changes. While the early coastal environment offered economic advantages of maritime resources and made it easy to adapt and benefit from the early arrival of imported cultigens, greater effort was required to develop agriculture from wild local species at high altitudes in rugged terrains. However, by the first millennium BC, following adverse effects of droughts in coastal areas, the highland religious centre at Chavin de Huantar developed an influential impact in the Early Horizon Period (c.500–c.200 BC), expanding through trade networks to adjacent regions and southwards towards Paracas on the southern coast. Following the centre’s demise around 200 BC (due to the increasing impoverishment of the highland environment) impetus returned to a new surge of coastal developments, notably the emergence of the Mochica and Nazca cultures on the northern and southern coasts respectively, and at Pucara in the altiplano. Here Rowe’s chronological system of Intermediate Periods characterized by regional states and Horizon Periods characterized by broader dominating cultures can be seen to be influenced by the swings of past climate. Temperature and precipitation have been shown to be prime influences underlying the sustainability of cultural developments, driven by agricultural developments, at key centres of Andean power (Kendall and Rodríguez 2009),. Early economic and cultural developments centred on Lake Titicaca in the southern altiplano were supported by agricultural systems, including cocha (ponds) networks developed for specialized cultivation (Flores Ochoa and Paz 1986) and camellones or wayru wayru (raised fields) around wetland shores (Erickson 1985)." @default.
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• W3100622436 date "2013-06-27" @default.
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• W3100622436 title "Applied Archaeology in the Andes: The Contribution of Pre-Hispanic Agricultural Terracing to Environmental and Rural Development Strategies" @default.
• W3100622436 doi "https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199590292.003.0018" @default.
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