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• W310221446 abstract "IN THE 1990s, numerous attorney generals and numerous private contingent fee attorneys joined forces to sue tobacco companies in what is undoubtedly nation's most famous and successful 'social policy tort' lawsuit. As result of their ability to secure changes in tobacco industry's practices that had long alluded state and federal legislators, private and public lawyers have continued to attempt to recapture that magic over last decade. ... Their social policy tort-of-choice has been public nuisance--an ill-defined tort that can be molded and shaped by lawyers. (1) More recently, plaintiffs have attempted to use public nuisance law in several recent cases to address climate change. Their efforts have met with mixed results because courts have reached different conclusions regarding standing, political question doctrine, and preemption, three core legal issues in these cases. Second Circuit has allowed plaintiffs' claims to proceed, (2) Fourth Circuit (3) and two federal district courts in California (4) have not, and Fifth Circuit essentially rendered non-decision. (5) On December 6, 2010, Supreme Court granted certiorari on Second Circuit case. (6) On February 2, 2011, plaintiff in Fourth Circuit case filed petition for writ of certiorari with Supreme Court. This article demonstrates many reasons why public nuisance law is particularly ill-suited to address climate change. I. Public Nuisance Law A. Historical origins Public nuisance law originated in twelfth century under English common (7) In its earliest form, it used to remedy infringements of rights of Crown. (8) The earliest nuisance cases, dating from 1168, were cases in which both injured party sought abatement and sometimes compensation--and, at same time, officers of crown actively initiated actions to punish nuisances as criminal acts. (9) As criminal writ belonging to Crown, (10) nuisance was used in cases that involved encroachments upon King's land blocking of public roads waterways. King sought to punish these criminal infringements, commonly know as 'purprestures,' through criminal proceedings. (11) By fourteenth century, nuisance law extended to include rights common to public, such as roadway safety, air and water pollution, disorderly conduct, and public health (e.g., to stop spread of disease). (12) Public nuisance actions were typically criminal actions until 1536 English court decision that allowed individuals to recover damages under nuisance (13) Under that decision, the crime of public nuisance became also tort in any instance in which plaintiff could show damage which particular to him and not shared in common with rest of public. (14) This a significant departure from general rule that courts would not impose tort liability upon person for violation of criminal law that intended to protect public at large. (15) By seventeenth century, Parliament had added to types of conduct found by courts to constitute crime of public nuisance, thus beginning pattern of legislative bodies declaring certain activities to be public nuisances that continues to this day. (16) All jurisdictions in United States subsequently enacted criminal statues covering such nuisances without attempting to define them, or with at most very general and rather meaningless definition. (17) Such statutes commonly are construed to include anything which would have been public nuisance at common law. (18) Distinctions eventually emerged between public and private nuisances, and they became separate torts. defendant's actions harmed only single plaintiff, proper remedy an action for damages, precursor of private nuisance. If nuisance affected entire community, it most often addressed by local courts as criminal abatement matters. …" @default.
• W310221446 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W310221446 date "2011-04-01" @default.
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• W310221446 title "The Misuse of Public Nuisance Law to Address Climate Change" @default.
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