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- W3105154941 abstract "Thus far, we have implicitly assumed that chemical species move only by diffusion. In fact, a number of external forces can affect mass transport, with significant and interesting effects on chemical waves. In this chapter, we consider three types of fields: gravitational, electric, and magnetic. These always exist, though their magnitudes are usually very small. As we shall see, small fields can have surprisingly large effects. Gravity is a ubiquitous force that all living and chemical systems experience. People largely ignored the profound effect that living with gravity has upon us until humans spent significant time in space. Bone loss and changes to the vascular systems of astronauts (Nicogossian et al., 1994) are still not well understood. Eliminating the effects of gravity is not easy. Enormous cost and effort have been expended to simulate gravity-free conditions in drop towers, parabolic airplane flights, or in Earth orbit. A simple calculation seems to suggest that gravity should have negligible influence on chemical reactions. The mass of a molecule is on the order of 10-26 kg, which translates into a gravitational force of about 10-25 N. We can compare this with the force of attraction between the electron and the proton in a hydrogen atom, which is of the order 10-8 N. Even allowing for shielding effects, the electrostatic forces that cause chemical bonds to be made and broken will always be many orders of magnitude stronger than gravitational forces. So gravity does not affect the fundamental atomic and molecular interactions, but it can drastically alter the macroscopic transport of heat and matter through convection, or macroscopic fluid motion. Natural convection is the movement of fluid as the result of differences in density, so that denser fluid sinks and less dense fluid rises. This motion is resisted by the viscosity of the medium, which acts like friction does in slowing the motion of solids. The study of convection is an entire area of physics, and we will touch only on a few aspects. The reader is referred to some excellent texts on the subject (Tritton, 1988; Turner, 1979)." @default.
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- W3105154941 date "1998-11-19" @default.
- W3105154941 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
- W3105154941 title "Transport and External Field Effects" @default.
- W3105154941 doi "https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195096705.003.0015" @default.
- W3105154941 hasPublicationYear "1998" @default.
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