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- W3107764235 abstract "The use of information and communication technology (ICT) has become so commonplace in our lives that we can now hardly imagine living without it. ICT has penetrated the healthcare field more slowly than other areas, and although use of this technology began decades ago, the aim of early applications was to reduce the disparity in access to care between rural and urban populations. Recent years have seen increasing interest in the development and application of telehealth. However, this development has been uneven between medical specialties and, in some cases, within a given field of medicine. In the case of obstetrics and gynaecology, ICT use has been studied in family planning, gynaecologic oncology, in high- and low-risk obstetric patients (Greiner, 2017Greiner A.L. Telemedicine Applications in Obstetrics and Gynecology: Clin.Obstet. Gynecol. 2017; 60 (https://doi.org/): 853-866https://doi.org/10.1097/GRF.0000000000000328Crossref Scopus (24) Google Scholar; Rayburn, 2020Rayburn W.F. The Role of Telemedicine in Improving Women's Health Care.Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North Am. 2020; 47 (https://doi.org/): xiii-xxivhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogc.2020.03.002Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1) Google Scholar; Triberti et al., 2019Triberti S. Savioni L. Sebri V. Pravettoni G. eHealth for improving quality of life in breast cancer patients: A systematic review.Cancer Treat. Rev. 2019; 74 (https://doi.org/): 1-14https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2019.01.003Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (38) Google Scholar), in the management of medical abortion (Endler et al., 2019Endler M. Lavelanet A. Cleeve A. Ganatra B. Gomperts R. Gemzell-Danielsson K. Telemedicine for medical abortion: a systematic review.BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 2019; 126 (https://doi.org/): 1094-1102https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.15684Crossref PubMed Scopus (59) Google Scholar), and recently in reproductive medicine (Hernández et al., 2020Hernández C. Valdera C.J. Cordero J. López E. Plaza J. Albi M. Impact of telemedicine on assisted reproduction treatment in the public health system.J. Healthc. Qual. Res. 2020; 35 (https://doi.org/): 27-34https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhqr.2019.08.004Crossref PubMed Scopus (13) Google Scholar). Telehealth is a broad term used to refer to the application of ICT to deliver health and health-related services. Telemedicine, one of the components of telehealth that focuses on the rendering of clinical services (Scott and Mars, 2016Scott R.E. Mars M. The Same Language Speak We Do - Consensus Terminology for Telehealth.Stud. Health Technol. Inform. 2016; 231: 99-109PubMed Google Scholar), has grown at a slow pace, especially in specialties such as gynaecology; however, the pandemic caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has prompted health systems to develop telemedicine services or strengthen existing ones across all specialties in order to comply with social distancing initiatives. A good example of this is given to us by Schulz et al., 2020Schulz T. Long K. Kanhutu K. Bayrak I. Johnson D. Fazio T. Telehealth during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: Rapid expansion of telehealth outpatient use during a pandemic is possible if the programme is previously established.J. Telemed. Telecare. 2020; (1357633X2094204. https://doi.org/)https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X20942045Crossref Scopus (9) Google Scholar, who in a recent article describing the experience of a tertiary hospital in Melbourne, Australia, reported a 2255% increase in telemedicine use between February and April 2020, bringing the proportion of this type of consultation from 1% to 28% of the total appointments in the facility (Schulz et al., 2020Schulz T. Long K. Kanhutu K. Bayrak I. Johnson D. Fazio T. Telehealth during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: Rapid expansion of telehealth outpatient use during a pandemic is possible if the programme is previously established.J. Telemed. Telecare. 2020; (1357633X2094204. https://doi.org/)https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X20942045Crossref Scopus (9) Google Scholar). Such a high level of use is unlikely to continue after the pandemic, although the rate of telemedicine use will probably not return to pre-COVID-19 levels. We believe this exceptional situation should drive us to create telemedicine programs, or improve existing initiatives, in the field of assisted reproduction; these efforts should be undertaken with an awareness of the advantages and drawbacks of telemedicine, as well as the limitations and barriers that must be overcome if we are to continue delivering safe, quality care. In the current pandemic situation, use of telemedicine enables us to leverage available technology to provide remote care, making it more plausible to maintain social distancing while considerably reducing the number of hospital visits, thereby lowering the risk of hospital infection. Another advantage of telemedicine in the field of fertility treatment is the added efficiency and the ability to access patients with limited resources. Expanding care for the population is a primary concern of public health, although greater access must not come at the expense of the quality of the care provided. When instituting a telemedicine system, healthcare providers must have a clear idea of the type of care to be delivered. Numerous studies have been published regarding video consultations as a synchronous form of telehealth in which patients and physicians can interact in real time. Other asynchronous means of providing remote care also exist, such as the electronic patient portal (EPP), text messaging, and e-mail. The choice of one system over another depends on multiple factors such as the technological means available to both the provider and the patient, the conditions imposed by the public or private health system for care reimbursement, the demographic characteristics of the target population, and the type of information to be transmitted via telehealth. Combining synchronous and asynchronous methods is an attractive alternative that allows the two modalities to complement each other, thus leading to improved care. There are many opportunities for telemedicine within assisted reproduction, and some of these applications may even be deployed before the first consultation. The bulk of our experience comes from the use of an EPP that patients may access from any device, including computers, tablets, and smartphones. Patients who use the application learn how to prepare for the initial hospital visit or initial e-visit, which uses a previously completed clinical questionnaire and a basic fertility study; in this way, appointment time can be spent evaluating the results of the study alongside the patient's medical record (Hernández et al., 2020Hernández C. Valdera C.J. Cordero J. López E. Plaza J. Albi M. Impact of telemedicine on assisted reproduction treatment in the public health system.J. Healthc. Qual. Res. 2020; 35 (https://doi.org/): 27-34https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhqr.2019.08.004Crossref PubMed Scopus (13) Google Scholar). Another opportunity is related to follow-up visits or consultations to give results of complementary tests; these in-person visits can be substituted with video consultations, telephone visits or medical reports uploaded directly to the EPP provided the information relayed to the patient is of an appropriate level of complexity. Regardless of the system used, all methods of telemedicine must adhere to the legal requirements of the state or country where the care is provided. When using asynchronous systems such as an EPP, it is advisable to provide patients with forms to complete prior to each assessment in order to ensure that information on the reproductive aims of the patient remains updated. It is also highly useful to have a channel for communication with patients such as a web dialog, which allows patients to ask questions and receive a response in the shortest time possible; such tools are highly useful and give continuity to the care process and decrease treatment-related stress. With regard to ovarian stimulation, Gerris et al., 2014Gerris J. Delvigne A. Dhont N. Vandekerckhove F. Madoc B. Buyle M. Neyskens J. Deschepper E. De Bacquer D. Pil L. Annemans L. Verpoest W. De Sutter P. Self-operated endovaginal telemonitoring versus traditional monitoring of ovarian stimulation in assisted reproduction: an RCT.Hum. Reprod. 2014; 29 (https://doi.org/): 1941-1948https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deu168Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar found that self-operated endovaginal telemonitoring (SOET) is not less effective than traditional systems of monitoring with regard to clinical and laboratory test results and is related to increased satisfaction among patients and their partners, a greater sense of empowerment, less stress, and increased cost-savings (Gerris et al., 2014Gerris J. Delvigne A. Dhont N. Vandekerckhove F. Madoc B. Buyle M. Neyskens J. Deschepper E. De Bacquer D. Pil L. Annemans L. Verpoest W. De Sutter P. Self-operated endovaginal telemonitoring versus traditional monitoring of ovarian stimulation in assisted reproduction: an RCT.Hum. Reprod. 2014; 29 (https://doi.org/): 1941-1948https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deu168Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar). The study used 2-D ultrasonographic images obtained by either patients or their partners and sent for assessment by specialists. Currently, software programs such as the SonoAVC (automated volume calculation) system enable automatic determination of follicular volume and size; although there is no evidence suggesting that this technology performs better than traditional systems of measurement (Wertheimer et al., 2018Wertheimer A. Nagar R. Oron G. Meizner I. Fisch B. Ben-Haroush A. Fertility Treatment Outcomes After Follicle Tracking With Standard 2-Dimensional Sonography Versus 3-Dimensional Sonography-Based Automated Volume Count: Prospective Study.J. Ultrasound Med. Off. J. Am. Inst. Ultrasound Med. 2018; 37 (https://doi.org/): 859-866https://doi.org/10.1002/jum.14421Crossref PubMed Scopus (5) Google Scholar), it allows for improved post-processing of images and may aid in reducing the time required for each evaluation. The main limitation of this technology is the availability of a sufficient number of devices to perform this type of remote monitoring, particularly given the fact that on many occasions there are several patients beginning fertility treatment at a given time. Another important aspect of the process, and one that has a great impact on the emotional well-being of patients, comes when care providers must inform patients of their treatment results. Stewart et al., 2001Stewart L. Hamilton M. McTavish A. Fitzmaurice A. Graham W. Randomized controlled trial comparing couple satisfaction with appointment and telephone follow-up consultation after unsuccessful IVF/ICSI treatment.Hum. Fertil. 2001; 4 (https://doi.org/): 249-255https://doi.org/10.1080/1464727012000199611Crossref Scopus (8) Google Scholar compared the level of satisfaction with care between telephone and in-person consultations after unsuccessful IVF/ICSI treatment, finding no significant difference between the two modalities in a survey, with a 91% response rate among couples who received the questionnaire. Significant differences were found in the length of consultation, which was shorter with telephone consultation (Stewart et al., 2001Stewart L. Hamilton M. McTavish A. Fitzmaurice A. Graham W. Randomized controlled trial comparing couple satisfaction with appointment and telephone follow-up consultation after unsuccessful IVF/ICSI treatment.Hum. Fertil. 2001; 4 (https://doi.org/): 249-255https://doi.org/10.1080/1464727012000199611Crossref Scopus (8) Google Scholar). Although no studies have been published of systems that include video conferencing or EPP, we believe the system used to inform patients of treatment results should be agreed upon with patients and explained to them in depth at the initiation of treatment, as this will increase acceptance and the level of satisfaction. As seen here, there are certain real situations in reproductive medicine in which telehealth, and specifically telemedicine, can provide great benefits. As indicated previously, however, these technologies must be used with an awareness of their benefits and limitations; for instance, the legal regulations applicable when introducing a telemedicine program are not entirely clear, and in some countries there is no regulatory framework whatsoever for this. In countries that lack explicit regulations on the matter, telemedicine is carried out under the aegis of laws not specifically intended for this purpose, thus creating legal vacuums which may pose a burden to the development of telemedicine and delay rollout of this type of care activity due to concerns over possible legal implications. While access to ICT is increasing throughout the population, there is current evidence that even in urban settings such as the city of New York, nearly 50% of low-income households lack internet access (Bakhtiar et al., 2020Bakhtiar M. Elbuluk N. Lipoff J.B. The digital divide: how Covid-19’s telemedicine expansion could exacerbate disparities.J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2020; (https://doi.org/)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.07.043Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (20) Google Scholar). This is important when instituting telemedicine services; if there is a significant disparity with regard to internet connectivity and availability of smartphones, tablets, and other devices, instituting a telehealth program may increase disparities rather than remedy them (Gogia et al., 2016Gogia S.B. Maeder A. Mars M. Hartvigsen G. Basu A. Abbott P. Unintended Consequences of Tele Health and their Possible Solutions: Contribution of the IMIA Working Group on Telehealth.Yearb. Med. Inform. 2016; 25 (https://doi.org/): 41-46https://doi.org/10.15265/IY-2016-012Crossref Google Scholar). The availability of technology impacts the type of system that can be introduced in a given setting. It is true that enterprises and care facilities mostly have easy access to the technological means required to establish a telemedicine program, and this technology has evolved rapidly over recent years, thereby making it possible to hold video consultations in real time or send high-resolution images much more quickly and securely than 10 years ago; however, these initiatives must have strong support from information technology professionals for there to be a good workflow and agile, real-time decision making when problems do arise. One disadvantage of telemedicine is the loss of or misinterpretation of data. Systems that are entirely text-based, such as EPP, SMS or email, are prone to errors such as poor spelling, errors introduced by the autocorrect function on devices, or missing information; therefore, textual data must be continuously reviewed, which slows the process. Erroneous data may be entered in video consultations due to misinterpreted body movements or technical difficulties caused when an individual is too far from or too close to the microphone, when the device's camera is out of focus, or when there is poor lighting (Gogia et al., 2016Gogia S.B. Maeder A. Mars M. Hartvigsen G. Basu A. Abbott P. Unintended Consequences of Tele Health and their Possible Solutions: Contribution of the IMIA Working Group on Telehealth.Yearb. Med. Inform. 2016; 25 (https://doi.org/): 41-46https://doi.org/10.15265/IY-2016-012Crossref Google Scholar). The dehumanization of medicine that comes with the use of ITC is a concern of many healthcare workers, though it must be highlighted that telemedicine may bring about an improvement in care quality and greater patient empowerment if care is properly planned and delivered in a context that is based on a relationship of trust, care and support, taking into account the individual needs of patients (Rubeis et al., 2018Rubeis G. Schochow M. Steger F. Patient Autonomy and Quality of Care in Telehealthcare.Sci. Eng. Ethics. 2018; 24 (https://doi.org/): 93-107https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-017-9885-3Crossref PubMed Scopus (13) Google Scholar). Other obstacles that may hamper efforts to institute telemedicine are a language barrier and resistance to change. The former is a substantial challenge in situations where there is no language support available; however, this is mostly an isolated problem in which individualized care allows providers to identify potential challenges and offer patients alternative solutions. Resistance to change, on the other hand, is a more complex phenomenon, and one in which staff training on the use of the newly implemented technologies and employee motivation can ease the burden introduced by this transition. We have no doubt that ICT is here to stay due to the benefits for clinical practice, and in the coming years there are likely to be substantial advances in this realm. It is possible that other emerging technologies may enter the field of assisted reproduction and telemedicine. For example, artificial intelligence and machine learning are tools that are currently being evaluated in different fields of reproductive medicine, such as embryo and gamete selection (Wang et al., 2019Wang R. Pan W. Jin L. Li Y. Geng Y. Gao C. Chen G. Wang H. Ma D. Liao S. Artificial intelligence in reproductive medicine.Reprod. Camb. Engl. 2019; 158 (https://doi.org/): R139-R154https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-18-0523Crossref PubMed Scopus (18) Google Scholar). Algorithms have also been evaluated outside the IVF laboratory to aid decision-making during ovarian stimulation (Letterie and Mac Donald, 2020Letterie G. Mac Donald A. Artificial intelligence in in vitro fertilization: a computer decision support system for day-to-day management of ovarian stimulation during in vitro fertilization.Fertil. Steril. 2020; 114 (https://doi.org/): 1026-1031https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.06.006Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (6) Google Scholar) and to predict the outcome of treatment (Bori et al., 2020Bori L. Paya E. Alegre L. Viloria T.A. Remohi J.A. Naranjo V. Meseguer M. Novel and conventional embryo parameters as input data for artificial neural networks: an artificial intelligence model applied for prediction of the implantation potential.Fertil. Steril. 2020; (https://doi.org/)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.08.023Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (4) Google Scholar). Although the study of the clinical applications of this technology – as well as more sophisticated algorithms such as deep machine learning – are still in the initial stages, it is motivating to think that it could also be used to provide immediate answers in real time to requests for care from patients according to their clinical characteristics, needs and personal preferences, and it could also be of great help in advising patients of the additional studies necessary before indicating a treatment, so avoiding unnecessary consultations. Another interesting technological advance is the telemonitoring of biological parameters in real time, which in the case of diabetes has resulted in a complete revolution in the management of patients with this condition (Warren et al., 2018Warren R. Carlisle K. Mihala G. Scuffham P.A. Effects of telemonitoring on glycaemic control and healthcare costs in type 2 diabetes: A randomised controlled trial.J. Telemed. Telecare. 2018; 24 (https://doi.org/): 586-595https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X17723943Crossref PubMed Scopus (13) Google Scholar). The system measures glucose in the tissues (interstitial) via a sensor that has a flexible filament inserted under the skin; values are sent through a transmitter to a receiving device (monitor, smartphone, etc.). Although today there are no interstitial sensors that can measure oestradiol, progesterone or HCG, it is possible to measure hormones in saliva (Schiffer et al., 2019Schiffer L. Adaway J.E. Baranowski E.S. Arlt W. Keevil B.G. A novel high-throughput assay for the measurement of salivary progesterone by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.Ann. Clin. Biochem. 2019; 56 (https://doi.org/): 64-71https://doi.org/10.1177/0004563218780904Crossref PubMed Scopus (4) Google Scholar). Perhaps in the near future patients will be able to undergo hormonal monitoring in the tranquillity of their home or wherever they are and that the results can be evaluated in real time by their gynaecologist without the need for the patient or the doctor to travel. We believe that the advantages of telemedicine far outweigh the drawbacks, particularly as most disadvantages of ICT use are due to current limitations such as the absence of a specific legal framework, uneven internet access across the population, and insufficient availability of mobile devices for all who require care. Technological advances will enable the introduction of devices with greater functionality and faster internet connectivity as part of telemedicine initiatives. As ICT continues to penetrate the health sector, we can expect patients to accept these technological advances more and more readily; additionally, it will be easier for care providers to embrace new services such as telemonitoring of ovarian stimulation or endometrium preparation for cycles using cryopreserved embryos. Together, these changes will not only increase treatment efficiency, but will also make the process less onerous for our patients, and more cost-efficient as remote consultations replace in-person visits to the hospital, resulting in fewer hours of missed work and reduced costs associated with travel and accommodation. Nonetheless, we agree with the International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA) Working Group on Telehealth when they argue that telehealth in all its modalities, including telemedicine, is nothing more than a support system for well-defined needs (Gogia et al., 2016Gogia S.B. Maeder A. Mars M. Hartvigsen G. Basu A. Abbott P. Unintended Consequences of Tele Health and their Possible Solutions: Contribution of the IMIA Working Group on Telehealth.Yearb. Med. Inform. 2016; 25 (https://doi.org/): 41-46https://doi.org/10.15265/IY-2016-012Crossref Google Scholar). We must not lose sight of our primary aim, which is to provide good-quality personalized medical care that helps our patients achieve their reproductive goals." @default.
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- W3107764235 title "Telemedicine in assisted reproduction" @default.
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