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• W3119712463 abstract "134 MichiganHistoricalReview Middleton acknowledges thework produced by scholars examining Native-colonial relations from cultural perspectives. In particular, he employs Richard White's concept of the middle ground, the social and cultural space previously established by French and Native leaders,within which neither dominated the other, and which was used for resolving disputes andmaintaining amicable relations.As Middleton observes, British commanders such as Amherst failed to appreciate such interactions. However, his references toNative groups fighting for theirfreedom seem to belie the complex nature of these cross-cultural relationships as revealed by academic studies such as White's. Middleton does not define what freedom would mean with respect toBritish-Native relations.He implies it could have been achieved with the removal of theBritish from theNorth American interior,but he needs to define more clearly how the British subjugated Native groups with settlements negotiated in 1764 and 1765. As this is a work primarily devoted to military and diplomatic history, however, amuch greater flaw is its lack ofmaps. The book has one map that faces the tide page. But given the sheer number of places, Native Peoples, and eventsMiddleton addresses in the text,one map is far from adequate. Nonetheless, Pontiac'sWar provides an excellent narrative account of its topic. Anyone interested in the events that engulfed or challenged Native Peoples of the Great Lakes or Ohio Valley regions during the 1760s should familiarize themselves with Middleton's work. Matthew S.Muehlbauer Austin Peay State University Mary Lou Nemanic. One Day for Democracy: IndependenceDay and the Americanization ofIron Range Immigrants.Athens: Ohio University Press, 2007. Pp. 252. Bibliography. Illustrations. Index. Notes. Cloth, $39.95. Mary Lou Nemanic examines the social and cultural history of the northern Minnesota Iron Range by focusing on how its inhabitants celebrated Independence Day. She argues that the first- and second-generation immigrants who lived there used the holiday to form an alternative Americanism, one that expressed the needs and values of ethnic groups whose members shared identities as both workers and new Americans (p. 2). Nemanic begins by explaining how Independence Day developed nationally as a holiday and how it shifted from one of carnivalesque rituals that inverted the social order to one that focused on conformity and Book Reviews135 stability.Celebrations in the Iron Range, however, were slower inmaking this shift,which Nemanic explains by pointing to the region's ethnic diversity, class tensions, and harsh physical environment. The cold and isolation of northern Minnesota forced theWelsh, Irish, Italian, Slavic, and other immigrants to pull together to survive,which in turn thwarted efforts by themining companies to divide workers based on ethnicity. Independence Day celebrations became vehicles for theworking-class inhabitants of the Iron Range to protest the abuses of the mine companies aswell as a day to create theirown brand ofAmerican identity. Thus, counter to thenational trend, Iron Range workers and their families continued to embrace the radical strainof Independence Day celebrations well into the twentieth century, seeing it as a day for freedom of expression (p. 95). They observed the holiday with rowdy parades, as well as by drinking, cross-dressing, and ridiculing theirbosses. In the last chapters of this book, Nemanic explores how changes of the mid-twentieth century, such as the emergence ofmass media, the creation of the New Deal, andWorld War II pushed the people of the Iron Range to adopt more of the dominant national culture,which dampened but did not end the radical nature of their Independence Day celebrations. At times, Nemanic is repetitive, circling back and discussing points shemade earlier. In other places, she brings up tantalizing issues but does not fully develop them. This is particularly true in the last part of the book, where she discusses how the Independence Day celebrations were revived in the Iron Range as a way to bolster tourism in the region but does not fully contextualize this change. Overall, though, One Day for Democracy succeeds in using a national holiday as a window into the regional distinctiveness of the Iron Range. Jeanne Petit Hope College Susan Stein-Roggenbuck. Negotiating Relief:The Development ofSocialWelfare Programs in Depression-EraMichigan, 1930-1940. Columbus: The Ohio State University Press, 2008. Pp. 252. Bibliography. Illustrations. Index..." @default.
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• W3119712463 title "One Day for Democracy: Independence Day and the Americanization of Iron Range Immigrants by Mary Lou Nemanic" @default.
• W3119712463 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/mhr.2009.0022" @default.
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