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• W3121288765 abstract "TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION I. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STATE AND INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY A. Categorizing Acts by State Officials B. Developing Principles of State Responsibility C. Attributing Acts to the State 1. Tunstall 2. Mallen II. IMPLICATIONS OF A BROAD ATTRIBUTION RULE A. Decision to Attribute Ultra Vires Acts to the State B. Unintended Consequences of a Broad Attribution Rule for the Potential Scope of Foreign Official Immunity CONCLUSION A sentence of death had been passed on John H. Tunstall long before he was killed on February 18, 1878, according to Tunstall's friend and business partner Alexander McSween. (1) Tunstall, an Englishman, had prospered as a rancher and merchant in Lincoln County, New Mexico. Those entrenched economic and political power, who had allies in the judiciary and in law enforcement, resented his success. When a local judge issued a writ of attachment against Tunstall's store and livestock, Sheriff William Brady raised a posse to serve the writ. (2) Sensing trouble, Tunstall fled, taking his horses him. He had hired a young gunman for protection, but it was not enough. posse gave chase for thirty miles, ultimately killing Tunstall shots to the head and breast. (3) After witnessing Tunstall's murder, the young gunman, known to some as Billy the Kid, joined McSween and others to form The Regulators. Lincoln County War had begun. Juan Franco, a U.S. citizen and deputy constable, held a well-known grudge against Francisco Mallen, the Mexican Consul in El Paso, Texas. After Franco accosted Mallen on the street and slapped him, Franco published a statement in the El Paso Daily Times alleging that Mallen had purposefully thwarted the extradition of a Mexican suspect in the murder of Franco's brother-in-law to the United States. (4) feud did not end there. Less than two months later, on October 13, 1907, the two men found themselves travelling in the same street car from Ciudad Juarez to El Paso. Franco spied a pistol in Mallen's pocket, which Mallen claimed the El Paso county attorney had advised him to carry for his own protection. (5) According to Mallen, Franco approached him from the rear and struck a vicious blow to his right temple, driving the left side of his head into a window frame and rendering him unconscious. Franco then dragged Mallen at gunpoint with [his] clothes disarranged and [his] face bathed in blood, through the streets of El Paso to the County Jail. (6) Franco was convicted on charges of aggravated assault and battery and ordered to pay a $100 fine. (7) Mallen was recalled to Mexico and never fully recovered from his injuries. INTRODUCTION historical roots of the modern law of state responsibility lie in principles developed to adjust compensation claims brought by states on behalf of their injured nationals. infamous assaults on John Tunstall and Francisco Mallen gave rise to claims for reparations against the United States because the assailants allegedly acted under color of state law. Since the injured parties were foreigners, the question was whether the United States had breached a duty owed to another state's national. In each case, answering that question required determining whether the assailant's actions were attributable to the United States. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, jurists developed principles of attribution in the context of the international law of state responsibility. More recently, these principles have figured prominently in debates about the scope of foreign official immunity. Under customary international law, and under the 1976 U.S. Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA), foreign states and their agencies and instrumentalities are generally immune from the jurisdiction of other countries' domestic courts for their public acts (acts jure imperii). …" @default.
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• W3121288765 title "Categorizing Acts by State Officials: Attribution and Responsibility in the Law of Foreign Official Immunity" @default.
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