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• W3121411085 abstract "HomePlant DiseaseVol. 105, No. 9First Reports of Phytophthora ramorum Clonal Lineages NA1 and EU1 Causing Sudden Oak Death on Tanoaks in Del Norte County, California PreviousNext DISEASE NOTE OPENOpen Access licenseFirst Reports of Phytophthora ramorum Clonal Lineages NA1 and EU1 Causing Sudden Oak Death on Tanoaks in Del Norte County, CaliforniaM. Garbelotto, F. Dovana, D. Schmidt, C. Chee, C. Lee, V. J. Fieland, N. J. Grünwald, and Y. ValachovicM. Garbelotto†Corresponding author: M. Garbelotto; E-mail Address: matteog@berkeley.eduhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9737-0128Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CASearch for more papers by this author, F. DovanaDepartment of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CASearch for more papers by this author, D. SchmidtDepartment of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CASearch for more papers by this author, C. CheeDepartment of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CASearch for more papers by this author, C. LeeCalifornia Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, Fortuna, CASearch for more papers by this author, V. J. FielandDepartment of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, ORSearch for more papers by this author, N. J. Grünwaldhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1656-7602Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, ORHorticultural Crops Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, ORSearch for more papers by this author, and Y. ValachovicUniversity of California Cooperative Extension, Humboldt and Del Norte Counties, Eureka, CASearch for more papers by this author AffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations M. Garbelotto1 † F. Dovana1 D. Schmidt1 C. Chee1 C. Lee2 V. J. Fieland3 N. J. Grünwald3 4 Y. Valachovic5 1Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 2California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, Fortuna, CA 3Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 4Horticultural Crops Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, OR 5University of California Cooperative Extension, Humboldt and Del Norte Counties, Eureka, CA Published Online:12 Oct 2021https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-12-20-2633-PDNAboutSectionsPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat A year of forest health surveys has led to the first detection of Phytophthora ramorum in Del Norte County followed by the first wildland detection of the EU1 clonal lineage (Grünwald et al. 2009) of this pathogen in California. In July 2019, leaves were sampled from two tanoaks (Notholithocarpus densiflorus) and 16 California bay laurels (Umbellularia californica) in Jedediah Smith State Park in Del Norte County, the northernmost coastal County of California. Leaves displayed lesions normally associated with sudden oak death (SOD) caused by P. ramorum and were discovered during the citizen science-based survey known as SOD Blitz (Meentemeyer et al. 2015). Samples were surface sterilized using 75% ethanol and plated on PARPH-V8 agar (Jeffers and Martin 1986). After plating, DNA was extracted and amplified using two P. ramorum-specific assays (Hayden et al. 2006; Kroon et al. 2004). Leaves from two tanoaks exhibiting twig die-back had typical SOD lesions along the midvein, gave positive PCR results, and yielded cultures with colony morphology, sporangia, and chlamydospores typical of the NA1 lineage of P. ramorum originally isolated in California from tanoaks and coast live oaks (Quercus agrifolia) (Rizzo et al. 2002). The ITS locus and a portion of the Cox-1 locus were sequenced from DNA extracts of each culture using primers DC6-ITS4 (Bonants et al. 2004) and COXF4N-COXR4N (Kroon et al. 2004), respectively. ITS sequences (GB MN540639 to 40) were typical of P. ramorum, and Cox-1 sequences (GB MN540142 to 43) perfectly matched the Cox-1 sequence of the NA1 lineage (GB DQ832718) (Kroon et al. 2004). Microsatellite alleles were generated as described in Croucher et al. (2013) for the two Del Norte cultures and for eight P. ramorum cultures, representative of the four main multilocus genotypes (MLGs) present in California, namely c1 (Santa Cruz/Commercial Nurseries), c3 (San Francisco Bay Area), c2 (Monterey County), and c4 (Humboldt County) (Croucher et al. 2013). The two Del Norte MLGs were identical to one another and most similar to MLG c1, with a single repeat difference at a single locus. Microsatellite results suggest the inoculum source may not be from Humboldt County, neighboring to the south, but from a yet unidentified outbreak, possibly associated with ornamental plants. Jedediah Smith State Park was surveyed for 12 months following the initial detection; however, the pathogen has yet to be reisolated in that location. In July 2020, SOD-symptomatic leaves from two tanoak trees exhibiting twig cankers were collected 8 km north of Jedediah Smith State Park, where three additional tanoak trees displayed rapidly browned dead canopies consistent with late-stage SOD. Leaves were processed as above. Colonies from these samples produced chlamydospores and sporangia typical of P. ramorum on PARPH-V8 agar but displayed a growth rate faster than that of NA1 genotypes and were characterized by aerial hyphae, overall resembling the morphology of EU1 lineage colonies (Brasier 2003). The EU1 lineage was confirmed by the perfect match of the sequence of a portion of the Cox-1 gene (GB MW349116 to 17) with the Cox-1 sequence of EU1 genotypes (GB EU124926). The EU1 clonal lineage has been previously isolated from tanoaks in Oregon forests, approximately 55 km to the north (Grünwald et al. 2016), but this is the first report for California wildlands and will require containment and government regulations. It is unknown whether the EU1 strains in Del Norte County originated from Oregon forests or elsewhere.The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.References:Bonants, P., et al. 2004. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 2:49. Google ScholarBrasier, C. 2003. Mycol. Res. 107:258. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0953756203227660 Google ScholarCroucher, P. J. P., et al. 2013. Biol. Invasions 15:2281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-013-0453-8 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarGrünwald, N. J., et al. 2009. Phytopathology 99:792. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-99-7-0792 Link, ISI, Google ScholarGrünwald, N. J., et al. 2016. Plant Dis. 100:1024. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-15-1169-PDN Link, ISI, Google ScholarHayden, K., et al. 2006. Phytopathology 96:846. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-96-0846 Link, ISI, Google ScholarJeffers, S. N., and Martin, S. B. 1986. Plant Dis. 70:1038. https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-70-1038 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarKroon, L. P., et al. 2004. Phytopathology 94:613. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2004.94.6.613 Link, ISI, Google ScholarMeentemeyer, R. K., et al. 2015. Front. Ecol. Environ. 13:189. https://doi.org/10.1890/140299 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarRizzo, D. M., et al. 2002. Plant Dis. 86:205. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.3.205 Link, ISI, Google ScholarThe author(s) declare no conflict of interest.Funding: Funding was provided by United States Forest Service Region 5, State and Private Forestry, Forest Health Protection Program (15-DG-11052021-217).DetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 105, No. 9 September 2021SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 DownloadCaptionKadsura coccinea showing leaf spot caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea (D. Su et al.). Photo credit: D. Su. Leaf spot caused by Ramularia coleosporii on Perilla (M. Aktaruzzaman et al.). Photo credit: B. S. Kim. Injection inoculated maize plant showing a classification standard for maize stalk rot (W. Y. Jiang et al.). Photo credit: Y. G. Li. Metrics Downloaded 633 times Article History Issue Date: 8 Dec 2021Published: 12 Oct 2021First Look: 18 Jan 2021Accepted: 15 Jan 2021 Page: 2737 Information© 2021 The American Phytopathological SocietyFundingUnited States Forest Service Region 5, State and Private Forestry, Forest Health Protection ProgramGrant/Award Number: 15-DG-11052021-217Keywordsoomycetestreesforestpathogen detectionThe author(s) declare no conflict of interest.PDF downloadCited ByCurrent practices and emerging possibilities for reducing the spread of oomycete pathogens in terrestrial and aquatic production systems in the European UnionFungal Biology Reviews, Vol. 40" @default.
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