FRINK Linked Data Fragments server

Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W3121433511> ?p ?o ?g. }

• W3121433511 startingPage "289" @default.
• W3121433511 abstract "TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION I. THE SIXTH AMENDMENT RIGHT TO A JURY TRIAL A. A Brief History of the Right to a Jury Trial B. The Functional Operation of the Jury II. THE MODERN SENTENCING SYSTEM A. Pre-Guidelines: A World of Indeterminacy B. The Guidelines Are Born: A World of Determinacy C. Acquitted Conduct Under the Guidelines Regimes III. HOW THE COURT GOT ITS SIXTH AMENDMENT GROOVE BACK IV. BOOKER'S FALLOUT: THE SAME OLD ACQUITTED CONDUCT STORY V. THE END OF ACQUITTED CONDUCT A. Acquitted Conduct: The Quintessential Unauthorized Punishment B. The Sixth Amendment Concerns 1. Saved by the New Statutory Ceiling? C. As if the Constitutional Objections Were Not Enough--Policy Considerations CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION Robert Mercado was an alleged member of the Mexican mafia operating in Los Angeles. (1) He was charged, tried by a jury, and subsequently convicted on various counts of drug conspiracy. (2) Based upon his drug convictions, the federal Sentencing Guidelines (Guidelines) recommended a punishment of thirty to thirty-seven months' imprisonment. (3) Additionally, Mercado was charged and acquitted of several violent offenses, including participation in three murders, commission of violent crimes in the aid of racketeering, and assault with a deadly weapon. (4) At Mercado's sentencing, however, the district judge set aside the jury's acquittals with respect to the violent crimes, finding beyond a reasonable doubt that [Mercado] had participated in the murders and conspiracies to murder of which [he] had been acquitted. (5) As a result of the judge's singular sentencing determination, Mercado received a twenty-year sentence, increasing the punishment recommended by the Guidelines--and the jury verdict--by over seventeen years. (6) Although the sentencing determination in Mercado's case may strike many nonlawyers as confusing, (7) or as some judges have characterized it, Kafka-esque, (8) the practice is not unusual. (9) In fact, judges have long considered acquitted conduct--defined in this Note as conduct for which an offender has been charged and found not guilty by a jury--when fashioning a defendant's sentence. (10) Furthermore, the Supreme Court specifically sanctioned the practice in 1997 in United States v. Watts. (11) Arguably, the Watts ruling was consistent with over fifty years of sentencing jurisprudence, in which the Court repeatedly declined to extend the trial phase's procedural protections to sentencing, (12) instead preferring to allow judges broad access to offender information in an attempt to craft an individualized sentence. (13) As Watts indicated, acquitted conduct is '[h]ighly relevant--if not essential--to [the judge's] selection of an appropriate sentence;' (14) the Court thus held that even if the defendant is ultimately acquitted on a charge, that charge alone is probative of the defendant's character. (15) Although the Court's sentencing jurisprudence remained relatively static over time, the logistical realities of sentencing changed drastically. (16) In the 1980s, every state and the federal government enacted guideline sentencing schemes, which transferred an increasing amount of fact-finding responsibility from the jury to the judge. (17) Under most such schemes, juries continued to find the basic facts necessary to establish guilt, but judges acquired responsibility for determining numerous factual questions that could significantly add to or subtract from an offender's sentence. (18) Additionally, guidelines regimes were highly determinate in nature: each additional fact found at sentencing mechanically corresponded with a requisite increase or decrease in an offender's sentence. (19) The consequences of this transfer of determinate fact-finding authority ultimately led the Court to extend once unnecessary procedural protections to the sentencing phase. …" @default.
• W3121433511 created "2021-02-01" @default.
• W3121433511 creator A5083308980 @default.
• W3121433511 date "2007-10-01" @default.
• W3121433511 modified "2023-09-28" @default.
• W3121433511 title "Sentencing Acquitted Conduct to the Post-Booker Dustbin" @default.
• W3121433511 hasPublicationYear "2007" @default.
• W3121433511 type Work @default.
• W3121433511 sameAs 3121433511 @default.
• W3121433511 citedByCount "0" @default.
• W3121433511 crossrefType "journal-article" @default.
• W3121433511 hasAuthorship W3121433511A5083308980 @default.
• W3121433511 hasConcept C138885662 @default.
• W3121433511 hasConcept C144024400 @default.
• W3121433511 hasConcept C15744967 @default.
• W3121433511 hasConcept C17744445 @default.
• W3121433511 hasConcept C199539241 @default.
• W3121433511 hasConcept C2776034101 @default.
• W3121433511 hasConcept C2776071657 @default.
• W3121433511 hasConcept C2776119841 @default.
• W3121433511 hasConcept C2776213154 @default.
• W3121433511 hasConcept C2776283789 @default.
• W3121433511 hasConcept C2777530160 @default.
• W3121433511 hasConcept C2777710833 @default.
• W3121433511 hasConcept C2779263217 @default.
• W3121433511 hasConcept C2779295839 @default.
• W3121433511 hasConcept C41895202 @default.
• W3121433511 hasConcept C73484699 @default.
• W3121433511 hasConcept C77805123 @default.
• W3121433511 hasConceptScore W3121433511C138885662 @default.
• W3121433511 hasConceptScore W3121433511C144024400 @default.
• W3121433511 hasConceptScore W3121433511C15744967 @default.
• W3121433511 hasConceptScore W3121433511C17744445 @default.
• W3121433511 hasConceptScore W3121433511C199539241 @default.
• W3121433511 hasConceptScore W3121433511C2776034101 @default.
• W3121433511 hasConceptScore W3121433511C2776071657 @default.
• W3121433511 hasConceptScore W3121433511C2776119841 @default.
• W3121433511 hasConceptScore W3121433511C2776213154 @default.
• W3121433511 hasConceptScore W3121433511C2776283789 @default.
• W3121433511 hasConceptScore W3121433511C2777530160 @default.
• W3121433511 hasConceptScore W3121433511C2777710833 @default.
• W3121433511 hasConceptScore W3121433511C2779263217 @default.
• W3121433511 hasConceptScore W3121433511C2779295839 @default.
• W3121433511 hasConceptScore W3121433511C41895202 @default.
• W3121433511 hasConceptScore W3121433511C73484699 @default.
• W3121433511 hasConceptScore W3121433511C77805123 @default.
• W3121433511 hasIssue "1" @default.
• W3121433511 hasLocation W31214335111 @default.
• W3121433511 hasOpenAccess W3121433511 @default.
• W3121433511 hasPrimaryLocation W31214335111 @default.
• W3121433511 hasRelatedWork W1507328262 @default.
• W3121433511 hasRelatedWork W1574644874 @default.
• W3121433511 hasRelatedWork W1602211384 @default.
• W3121433511 hasRelatedWork W2021750886 @default.
• W3121433511 hasRelatedWork W2140800446 @default.
• W3121433511 hasRelatedWork W2143538840 @default.
• W3121433511 hasRelatedWork W2258892176 @default.
• W3121433511 hasRelatedWork W2264132561 @default.
• W3121433511 hasRelatedWork W2268154045 @default.
• W3121433511 hasRelatedWork W2293009177 @default.
• W3121433511 hasRelatedWork W2992828439 @default.
• W3121433511 hasRelatedWork W3124696937 @default.
• W3121433511 hasRelatedWork W3126934236 @default.
• W3121433511 hasRelatedWork W3165939046 @default.
• W3121433511 hasRelatedWork W3192638051 @default.
• W3121433511 hasRelatedWork W634774565 @default.
• W3121433511 hasRelatedWork W251947441 @default.
• W3121433511 hasRelatedWork W2603687281 @default.
• W3121433511 hasRelatedWork W3121305080 @default.
• W3121433511 hasRelatedWork W3123839535 @default.
• W3121433511 hasVolume "49" @default.
• W3121433511 isParatext "false" @default.
• W3121433511 isRetracted "false" @default.
• W3121433511 magId "3121433511" @default.
• W3121433511 workType "article" @default.