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• W3121479920 abstract "We live in the Information Age. We can peer into our neighbors' backyards through satellite imaging, catch the latest Australian cricket scores on our smart phones, track our loved ones' airline flights online, and correspond with people virtually anywhere on earth via e-mail. In the era of globalization, we have greater access to stock quotes, scientific reports, medical advice, celebrity gossip, and breaking events than ever before, and we can get this information by the terabyte. The importance placed on information, of course, is nothing new: access to information has long been the lifeblood of any highly complicated endeavor, whether commanding a battalion in wartime or constructing an aqueduct, and dissemination of information has been critical to organized society as long as humans have lived in groups. Today, however, information flows through our lives with a velocity and a pervasiveness never before experienced. Despite this ubiquity of information, no one has proposed calling the present era the Knowledge Age. In fact, some would contend that the very pace and force with which information flows through our daily lives has outstripped our cognitive ability to comprehend and evaluate information in sensible ways. Knowledge depends not only on access to reliable information, but also on sound judgment regarding which information to access and how to situate that information in relation to the values and purposes that comprise the individual's or the social group's larger projects. This is certainly the case for wise and effective governance. A regulator does need accurate information to understand the nature of a problem and the consequences of potential responses. Likewise, the regulated community needs information to decide how best to comply with adopted rules, and the public needs information in order to accept the credibility and legitimacy of the regulatory regime. This is as true for antitrust policy and consumer-products safety as for military-base closings and controlling steroid use in professional sports. But governance also requires judgment regarding how to manage information itself-how to structure burdens of proof in light of goals such as public safety or promotion of economic growth, how to balance the public's interest in disclosure against competing aims such as national security or the protection of trade secrets, whether to withhold information in the belief that it may actually be harmful to the recipient, and so on. These challenges of information management are posed with especial starkness in the context of environmental law. At its core, the field is concerned with the impacts of human activities on the natural environment and human health and safety; as such, theoretical and empirical uncertainty is an inescapable part of the environmental-law equation. Indeed, the scientific method-from which all environmental policy making must draw in one way or another-is built on the notion that knowledge is never complete. What we take to be scientific orthodoxy is better viewed as a set of contingent truth claims whose veracity always can be called into doubt by new investigations, experiments, and hypotheses. Yet regulators cannot display the epistemological patience of the scientific method; they must make decisions today. Whether with respect to the impact of greenhouse-gas emissions on climate stability, synthetic chemicals on the human endocrine system, or planned developments on critical wetland habitat, information and understanding in the environmental arena arrive too late, if ever, to design optimal legal and policy responses. Moreover, most environmental problems involve not only highly complex and uncertain scientific matters, but also technical and economic ones. On such matters, decision makers rarely have anything approaching complete knowledge when asked to put in place rules and regulations. To many observers, this inherent need to make decisions under conditions of uncertainty-whether the decisions regard scientific, economic, or technological matters-is the defining feature of environmental law. …" @default.
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• W3121479920 date "2008-06-01" @default.
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• W3121479920 title "Foreword: Making Sense of Information for Environmental Protection" @default.
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