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• W3121796338 abstract "The enormous academic work concentrating on Western Sahara's colonization is understandable considering that this form of modern slavery has persisted long after decades of democratization (the 1950s and 1960s). The objective of paper is to contribute to understanding of challenges faced by Western Sahara. Victimized by colonialists from Europe (Spain) since first scramble for in 19th century and recolonized by its neighboring North African nation-states (Morocco and Mauritania) since 1970s, various stakeholders have raised their interests in decolonization of Western Sahara for various reasons. The paper also presents concept of geopolitics and geoeconomics of major natural resources and neoliberal approach to international relations. It also indicates strategies that nations and regional politico-economic organizations could follow to pressurize Morocco to move out of Western Sahara. A need for further understanding of characteristics of entities that may be sympathetic to Western Sahara's cause is also stressed.IntroductionThere is enormous academic work on Western Sahara's colonization and number of publications arising from effort is growing. The increasing scholarship is understandable considering that most of them deplore this form of modern slavery that has persisted long after decades of democratization (the 1950s and 1960s). The difficulties involved in pursuit of development in Africa, like all underdeveloped regions (Latin America and Asia), within their economic, social and environmental sectors, constitute major focal point of most of discourses of economic regions. Lenin, Nkrumah and Rodney, among others, have taken interest in imperialism and way it contributed to underdevelopment of African countries. Some have examined contribution of European countries to process by partitioning of African nation-states in previous centuries. For example, latter, like other adversities, were enforced by Europeans through a series of adversities-unequal trade in commodities, Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, colonialism, neocolonialism/imperialism1 and ongoing neoliberalism. Since 1970s,2 discourses have involved concept of development as a means of tackling challenges of specific and general regions.3 After end of Second World War and formation of United Nations (UN) in 1950s, issues shifted towards a new concentration on development of Africa and rest of less developed countries, i.e., compared to those developed countries that had achieved considerable economic growth, and by extension, high consumerist societies or affluence by what some claim to be application of innovations in technical and social dimensions.4 This claim has been disputed by other scholars who point to way rapid economic growth was achieved by so-called developed countries, resorting to criminal and inhuman use of slave labor in USA. The criminal and inhuman nature of colonialism, like earlier Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, led to an (informal?) agreement to stop those perpetrating colonialism from practice. However, as has been informed and documented, European colonialists, slave traders, and their allies never relinquished these insidious practices. Instead, they reformulated colonialism into more insidious varieties (neocolonialism, post-colonialism and neoliberalism, among other forms of exploitation).5Perhaps, overwhelmed by adversities posed by new varieties of exploitation inflicted by new slavery (human trafficking and/or attraction of able-bodied Africans to over-advertised Euro-American nations, e.g., citizenship granting schemes that invite applications by North-American nations, among other schemes; post-colonialism, neocolonialism, imperialism and neoliberalism), Western Sahara (Figure 1) has become Africa's last colony and the most forgotten nation-state plagued by both colonialism and territorial conflicts (land and offshore territory) and annexation (seizure) of their natural resources by African countries. …" @default.
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• W3121796338 date "2015-10-01" @default.
• W3121796338 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W3121796338 title "Accelerating Western Sahara's Decolonization by Unleashing Nigeria's Experience in the Context of Global Geopolitics, Geoeconomics and Neoliberalism" @default.
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