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• W3121907864 abstract "Introduction The two major disability programs administered by the Social Security Administration (SSA)--Disability Insurance (DI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI)--have experienced substantial growth in recent decades. The number of DI disabled-worker beneficiaries grew from 2.9 million in December 1980 to 8.8 million in December 2012, and the number of working-age SSI recipients increased from 1.5 million at the start of the program in January 1974 to about 4.9 million in December 2012 (Stapleton and Wittenburg 2011; SSA 2013a, Table 3; 2013b, Table 4). This growth in program participation has spurred strong policy interest in understanding beneficiary employment patterns and, ultimately, helping some beneficiaries to find work and earn enough to become as self-sufficient as possible (Rupp and Stapleton 1998; Stapleton and Burkhauser 2003). As these programs have grown, the distribution of disabling conditions among Social Security disability program beneficiaries has also changed. (1) For example, mental impairments accounted for 10.3 percent of DI disabled-worker awards in 1981; that share more than doubled over most of the ensuing years, peaking at almost 30 percent in 1986, before declining to 18.0 percent in 2012 (SSA 2013a, Table 40). In addition, significant changes in the nature of work over time, such as technological innovations and improved workplace accommodations, have likely affected whether certain specific impairments prohibit individuals from engaging in substantial gainful activity (SGA)--a key factor in the disability determination process. (2) Furthermore, an individual's vocational factors--age, education and training, work history, and job skills--have increasingly become important determinants of initial DI awards (Burkhauser and Daly 2011). Despite these trends, little is known about the relationship between the specific primary impairment of Social Security disability program beneficiaries and their employment and earnings experiences (although some research has documented different employment rates across broad disability categories--for example, Mamun and others 2011 and Weathers and Wittenburg 2009). Livermore and Goodman (2009) identify several barriers to employment for individuals with disabilities, such as varying degrees of workplace accommodations, variation in occupational needs, and discrimination or stigmatization. Although we concur that those factors (along with others such as differential responses to medical technology and access to necessary health care) may explain observed differences in employment and earnings, in this article we focus on demonstrating the scope of employment and earnings differences, not on examining their potential causes. In doing so, we address a gap in the literature as we define detailed primary-impairment types of recent DI beneficiaries and working-age SSI recipients, and examine their employment and earnings distributions using linked 2011 administrative data from two SSA files--the Disability Analysis File (DAF) and the Master Earnings File (MEF). We identify 25 categories of primary impairment at the time of benefit award, which provides sufficient detail to examine how employment and earnings vary across a wide range of disabling conditions. Our analysis has two components. First, we provide descriptive population-level statistics on beneficiary employment and earning characteristics by primary impairment. Then, we estimate a series of regression models to examine how primary impairments are associated with employment and earnings. All results are presented separately for three disability program participation categories: DI only, SSI only, and concurrent DI and SSI. The findings reveal much heterogeneity in employment and earnings across primary-impairment groups: * Beneficiaries with seemingly similar primary impairments sometimes had divergent employment and earnings outcomes; for example, beneficiaries with anxiety disorders and intellectual disability--both of which are mental impairments--had very different employment and earnings outcomes. …" @default.
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• W3121907864 date "2015-04-01" @default.
• W3121907864 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W3121907864 title "Employment, Earnings, and Primary Impairments among Beneficiaries of Social Security Disability Programs" @default.
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