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• W3122244554 abstract "2. The Necessary and Proper Clause and Treaty Non-Self-Execution in the Nineteenth Century Over the course of the nineteenth century, the political branches shifted increasingly towards congressional involvement in the implementation of treaties. Two themes relevant to the Necessary and Proper Clause's role in treaty implementation that had emerged in the Jay Treaty debates continued to mark the self-execution debate. First, as in the Jay Treaty debate, opponents of self-execution invoked the Necessary and Proper Clause in arguing that commercial treaties should require congressional implementation, rather than be deemed self-executing. (98) This argument presumed that the Necessary and Proper Clause did in fact provide Congress with a treaty-implementing power--consistent with the later conclusions of Justices Harlan and Holmes and contrary to the position taken by Professor Rosenkranz and Justice Scalia. Second, as foreshadowed in the discussion of the Treaty of Utrecht during the Jay Treaty debate, the terms of treaties negotiated by the United States would sometimes expressly require congressional approval these treaties to take effect--thus effectively giving Congress a role in the of treaties.* 100 This demonstrates how the sharp line between treaty making and treaty implementation drawn by Professor Rosenkranz and Justice Scalia often blurred in practice. Here, I describe these trends by focusing on two important instances in their application: first, the debate surrounding an 1815 commercial treaty with Great Britain; and second, the debate surrounding an 1875 commercial treaty with Hawaii and its later extension in 1887. a. The 1815 Commercial Treaty with Great Britain After the conclusion of the War of 1812, the United States entered into a commercial treaty with Great Britain that further reduced trade barriers between the two countries. Reprising arguments from the Jay Treaty, the House of Representatives debated a bill that they claimed would implement aspects of the treaty, such as its provisions reducing certain duties on imports. (101) Some members argued that there was no need such a bill; after ratification a treaty is made--it complete; and no act of the House of Representatives can add anything to its validity. (102) In response, a few members who felt that congressional implementation was needed invoked the Necessary and Proper Clause as supporting their claim, just as had been done in the Jay Treaty debate. For example, Representative King of Massachusetts argued that the Necessary and Proper Clause strengthened the claim that congressional implementation was needed because this clause provided for carrying into execution the treaty-making power. (103) The position of King and other members of the House who favored non-self-execution carried the day in the House and led to the passage of a bill implementing the commercial provisions of the treaty. The House bill in turn led to a debate in the Senate over whether congressional legislation was necessary to implement the treaty. Some senators agreed with the House majority. Senator Roberts of Pennsylvania claimed that legislative sanction was needed treaties and invoked the Necessary and Proper Clause as supporting the conclusion that all power to make laws, carrying into execution every power vested in the Government, or any department thereof, (most obviously the treaty-making power here included), by the Constitution vested in Congress. (104) A majority of the Senate nonetheless resisted the House bill, considering that the treaty was self-executing, although it would be helpful to have a declaratory statute specifying which prior laws were repealed in light of the treaty. (103) The matter went to a conference. (106) In the end, the sides agreed that there would be some instances where treaties were self-executing and others where they required legislation execution, although they did not resolve whether this was one of those instances. …" @default.
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• W3122244554 date "2014-10-01" @default.
• W3122244554 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W3122244554 title "Congress's Treaty-Implementing Power in Historical Practice" @default.
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