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• W3122274701 abstract "Years ago, Article 19 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights postulated the right...to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. At time, it seemed like a relatively simple statement against government censorship and interference with flow of information. Today, however, we see that this simple principle is at heart of conflict between information society, property ownership, and digital divide. Consider an example. Throughout summer and fall of 2015, amidst a series of cinematic backdrops — United Nations, Latin America, India and China — Mark Zuckerberg has lauded value of internet access while launching Internet.org (now Free Basics), Facebook’s project to extend internet access to much of world that lacks connectivity. “Internet access needs to be treated as an important enabler of human rights and human potential,” he told United Nations. Almost immediately, plan faced a fair bit of criticism from internet activists who argued that initiative runs risk of creating a large class of second-class citizens; a “walled garden,” as one person described it, “with open internet just beyond their reach.” This is moment we are living in, a moment where governments – and private companies make pronouncements about value of net neutrality and nondiscrimination — but at same time, quietly opt for a limited notion of ‘branded access’ instead of a larger, freer, and more open platform to acquire information. At same time, both private and public entities engage in massive filtering of information, in homes and public spaces across world. Governments — in both North and South — routinely intervene into internal activities of Internet Service Providers to track and control information, raising privacy and censorship issues. All of these means of private and public control clearly impact a consumer's right to access information, but they also illustrate a growing tendency, shared by intellectual property owners and state, to target specific types of Internet technologies in process. Central to this moment is a quiet transition from public values — like openness and access to information — to private responsibility, facilitating emergence of private companies who translate these larger goals into markets and opportunities for commercial consumption. This new generation of information-related human rights raise a foundational question: who should be responsible for this new growth, government or private industry? In 2014, Sir Tim Berners-Lee, who invented World Wide Web and is a founder of World Wide Web Foundation, called for Internet to be a human right. Yet question of whether there is a right to information technology, or a corollary right to Internet access, has been largely undertheorized by both scholars and lawyers. Part of problem, it seems, is that without an overarching theory — statutory, constitutional, or otherwise — for addressing relationship between technology and human rights, cases in both United States and elsewhere are mired in doctrinal incoherence, limited significance, and opposition. Consequently, while right to access information is at heart of what is at stake, scholars must also recognize growing importance of an emerging platform that focuses not just on information, but also on vital role of technology itself. This article attempts to provide a partial framework to explore question of whether or not we can construe information technology as a sort of entitlement under human and civil rights discourse, and relatedly to shed light on specific question of whether there is a right to internet access. Here, I explore emergence of a new, corollary right to right to access information: what I call civil right to information technology. Special attention will also be paid to ways in which digital divide in less-wealthy contexts both challenges and illustrates need for much more attention to be paid to this civil right to technology, and how it differs in important ways from a more general right to access information. As I argue, this right can be characterized as part of a broad class of rights that are unique for their focus on informational content of an entitlement, as well as specific, vehicular technology that distributes and protects that right. I situate right to internet access within this broad class of rights that I call “infrastructural entitlements,” and show how they emerge at perfect intersection of economic, social, and political human rights. As I argue, infrastructural entitlements in information have been modeled, adapted, and transformed by growing conflict between control of intellectual property, dominance of branded access, and free flow of information. In Part I of this Article, I explore philosophical and constitutional underpinnings of broad, human right to information in Article 19 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights, paying close attention to positive and negative aspects of that right. In Part II, I turn to architecture of infrastructural entitlements with respect to information-oriented human rights. Drawing on parallels from right to health, I discuss five different contours of a right to information technology: (1) nondiscrimination; (2) physical accessibility; (3) economic accessibility; (4) information accessibility; and (5) autonomous accessibility. Finally, in Part III, I discuss some potential applications of this right, drawing upon some pathways for future study and critical exploration." @default.
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• W3122274701 date "2016-01-01" @default.
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• W3122274701 title "Infrastructural Entitlements and the Civil Right to Technology" @default.
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