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- W3122334293 endingPage "041" @default.
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- W3122334293 abstract "Gravitational waves (GWs) are produced by colliding particles through the gravitational analogue of electromagnetic bremsstrahlung. We calculate the contribution of free-free emission in the radiation-dominated Universe to the stochastic GW background. We find that the energy density of the resulting GW radiation is heavily dependent on the number of elementary particles, $N_{mathrm{tot}}$, and the maximum initial temperature, $T_{mathrm{max}}$. We rule out $N_{mathrm{tot}}gtrsim N_{mathrm{SM}}$ for $T_{mathrm{max}}sim T_{mathrm{Planck}}approx10^{19}$ GeV and $N_{mathrm{tot}}gtrsim10^{13}times N_{mathrm{SM}}$ for $T_{mathrm{max}}sim10^{16}$ GeV, where $N_{mathrm{SM}}$ is the number of particles in the Standard Model. In the case of inflation, existing cosmological data constrain $T_{mathrm{max}}lesssim10^{16}$ GeV. However, alternative models to inflation such as bouncing cosmologies allow for $T_{mathrm{max}}$ near $T_{mathrm{Planck}}$. At the energy scales we are considering, the extra number of particles arise naturally in models of extra dimensions." @default.
- W3122334293 created "2021-02-01" @default.
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- W3122334293 date "2021-01-21" @default.
- W3122334293 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
- W3122334293 title "An upper limit on the initial temperature of the radiation-dominated Universe" @default.
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- W3122334293 doi "https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2021/01/041" @default.
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