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• W3122497052 abstract "Few types of antitrust conduct have received as much treatment from the Supreme Court as tying arrangements. This practice, which is unlawful per se when certain prerequisites are met, be defined as an agreement by a party to sell one product [the tying product] but only on the condition that the buyer also purchases different (or tied) product, or at least agrees that he will not purchase that product from any other supplier. Notwithstanding this extensive Supreme Court attention, there is as much heat as light in this area. The doctrine that has developed is often unpredictable and frequently irrational, and the applicable rules make the analysis far more complicated than necessary. A simpler and more direct approach is long overdue. Present analysis consists of three steps. First, a court must determine whether there indeed is a tying arrangement-the question. One variation of this determination is whether there really is a tie at all, or whether the two (or more) things sold are merely parts of one package. Alternatively, the seller may require the buyer-usually a retailer-simply to stock the entire line of the seller's goods, but will impose no requirement of buying certain fixed quantities of each item in the seller's line. Or, the seller may not coerce the buyer or expressly require the purchase of the tied product; the existence of the tying arrangement will have to be inferred from the conduct of the parties. Next, the court will have to determine whether this is the particular type of tying arrangement which should be held unlawful - the liability question. Although it will be rare to find tie-ins which have procompetitive effects, there nonetheless are three categories of tying arrangements - those which are always unlawful (those unreasonable per se), those which are unlawful only after a rule of reason inquiry, and those which are not unlawful under either approach. Then the crazy quilt continues. Tying arrangements are analyzed under two different antitrust statutes-section 1 of the Sherman Act and section 3 of the Clayton Act. For unexplained reasons, the Supreme Court created different standards for applying the per se rule, depending on the statute used; today, however, there is serious doubt whether there still are two or only one test. Even when one knows the appropriate statute and standard to apply, recent cases have displayed a remarkable level of diversity and confusion in the application of the standard to the facts under consideration. Finally, the Court has recognized occasional defenses even to those tie-ins which would fall under the so-called per se rule. Although the existence of such defenses would appear to be an obvious contradiction in terms, it is nonetheless expressly sanctioned by the cases. It is certainly time to clarify some of these inconsistencies." @default.
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• W3122497052 date "1980-01-01" @default.
• W3122497052 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W3122497052 title "A Simplified Approach to Tying Arrangements: A Legal and Economic Analysis" @default.
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