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• W3122869989 abstract "As we survey the two systems of organizing the gubernative, certain trends become apparent that have changed the American and the German systems of government, even without amendments to their constitutions. Both systems have seen a considerable centralization of power in the offices of their respective chief executive. The American President as well as the German Chancellor have built up their own institutional support, giving themselves an organizational standing that was originally not foreseen. This trend might at first glance be more surprising with regard to the US, considering that it originally had only one gubernative actor, hence little more to centralize. The development has been explained, however, as a reaction to the weakness of the President in a separated system and to the growth of governmental tasks in general. In Germany, centralization of gubernative power in the Chancellor’s office is less dramatic than in the US, and has been based on the already strong constitutional powers of the Chancellor. It nevertheless had a deteriorating effect on the position of the Cabinet. More characteristic of the German system, though, has been a trend towards informal structures in the gubernative. This refers most prominently to the coalition rounds, which assemble the heads of the governing parties in an informal setting outside the Cabinet or informally include them into the Cabinet meetings. It is curious, although perhaps not all too surprising that this informalization takes place n the German system, which is – in comparison to the US – much more regulated by legal norms. But it goes to show that the constitutional set-up is only predominant insofar as it captures the central powers. In the German case, it fails to account for the dynamics of coalition governments and the power of party politics. Comparing the two systems, similarities become apparent, not least because both systems face universal challenges to the process of governing. These challenges create a need for institutionally strong and visible leaders, and led to the establishment of powerful offices to oversee and steer the gubernative. They also call for a common tendency towards small and rather flexible or informal centers of power. The components of the Cabinet in the German system seems already too numerous; the American President alone is powerless. However, the differences between the two systems remain fundamental, and they are not just differences in numbers between a unitary or plural gubernative. More important for an understanding of the respective systems is the relation between the gubernative and the legislature. Their separation in the presidential system and their effective fusion in the parliamentary system respectively are the ultimate key to understanding these two constitutional systems and their models of organizing the gubernative." @default.
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• W3122869989 date "2006-01-01" @default.
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• W3122869989 title "The Gubernative in Presidential and Parliamentary Systems. Comparing Organizational Structures of Federal Governments in the USA and Germany" @default.
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