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• W3122910092 abstract "Even the modern great library is not generally consulted; it is nibbled at by a few. -Vannevar Bush, 19451 In December 2004, Google announced its Google Print Library Project.2 The project harnesses Google's search capabilities by making the text of books digitally searchable online.3 Google announced its cooperation with five major libraries, including the Stanford, Harvard, and Oxford libraries, with the intention of ultimately adding the bulk of these libraries' collections to the project.4 If Google's press announcements are to be believed, this is part of an ambitious long-term plan to make the world's information . . . universally accessible and useful online.5 Just imagine: hundreds of thousands, then millions of books available for digital search and its endless possibilities, accompanied by the power of contextual linking; the sum of printed human knowledge at your fingertips, on your PC. AU for free. Doesn't it sound great? Who would not like such a project? What's not to like? Plenty! That's if we are to believe the Authors Guild and a group of disgruntled copyright owners who filed two separate copyright infringement lawsuits against Google.6 Many of the books included in the project are protected by copyright. According to Google, when such copyrighted texts are involved, the results available to end users will be limited. Unless permission is obtained from the copyright owner, search results for copyrighted books will include only bibliographical information and the highlighted search terms, accompanied by a small number of short snippets of their surrounding text as it appears in the book.7 Despite this architecture, the project still gives rise to complex questions of potential copyright infringement. Does the presentation of the short excerpts of text by Google constitute copyright infringement? Will end users copying this text be considered copyright infringers, and will Google incur secondary liability for their actions? Is the scanning of the full texts into Google's digital database-an action that is necessary to facilitate the project-infringing, despite the fact that no human eye will see this scanned full text? Can any or all of these activities enjoy the fair use defense? Lawyers, legal scholars, and others are vigorously debating these questions.8 Others raise more fundamental questions of public policy that are entangled with this case.9 Is Google-a private commercial entity occupying an extraordinarily dominant position in its market-the best institutional player for carrying out a project of such important social implications? Should a private initiative of this sort be encouraged and facilitated or should the government entrust a different, more publicly oriented institution-the future version of the public library-with a similar task? Are there troubling aspects, such as privacy implications and the power to manipulate information, of the entrustment of this project in the hands of Google? This Article brackets these important legal and policy questions. It examines another aspect of the copyright controversy sparked by Google's Print Library Project: the significance of the option Google gives to copyright owners to opt out from participation in the project.10 Although at first blush this may seem a rather narrow and technical subject, the questions involved go to the core of the role played by copyright in the digital age. The answers we give to these questions may have far-reaching implications on patterns of dissemination and accessibility of information in our society that go well beyond the Google case. What exactly is the opt-out option? In its public reactions to the accusations against it, Google appealed, inter alia, to the fact that it allows the owners of copyrighted texts designated to be included in the project to opt out.11 In other words, Google lets copyright owners inform it of their wishes. Whenever a copyright owner notifies Google of her objection to the inclusion of a specific text, the text will not be included in the database, or if it has already been included, it will be removed. …" @default.
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• W3122910092 date "2007-06-01" @default.
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• W3122910092 title "Standing Copyright Law on Its Head? the Googlization of Everything and the Many Faces of Property" @default.
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