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• W3123005064 abstract "[Australia has restricted on-shore asylum seekers' access to work entitlements and publicly funded social assistance, leading to a marked erosion in their standard of living. It is argued in this article that Australia's actions place it in breach of its obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ('ICESCR'). It is further argued that this situation has arisen because two competing moralities are embedded in the political traditions of liberal democratic states, leaving such states with no ready answer to the question of how they should treat non-members. Finally, the article puts the case for Australia choosing the morality to which the ICESCR gives legal expression and specifies exactly what that would involve in practical terms.] CONTENTS I Introduction II Australian Practice A The Protection Visa Application Determination System B Treatment of Non-Detained Asylum Seekers 1 Work Rights 2 Asylum Seeker Assistance Scheme 3 Medicare 4 Other Sources of Social Assistance (a) Victoria (b) New South Wales and Queensland 5 The Bottom Line III Australia's Obligation under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights A The Moral Basis of Human Rights Law B The Nature of ICESCR Obligations C Non-Discrimination D The Right to an Adequate Standard of Living E Australian Practice Evaluated IV Why Do We Do What We Do? A Models of Democracy B The Significance of Economic and Social Rights C The Rights of Non-Citizens V Where Should We Go from Here? I INTRODUCTION Every year Australia has to deal with thousands of non-citizens who arrive either on a temporary visa or without authorisation and then invoke treaty-based protection obligations (ie seek asylum). (1) Almost all of the asylum seekers who are unauthorised arrivals (about 11 per cent of the total) (2) are subject to mandatory detention until removed from Australia, deported or granted a substantive visa. However, other asylum seekers (the remaining 89 per cent) are usually granted 'bridging visas' and allowed to remain at liberty in the Australian community pending determination of their claims. (3) This article examines the work entitlements and social assistance available to non-detained or on-shore asylum seekers in Australia, and demonstrates that Australia is in breach of its obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ('ICESCR') (4) in relation to these asylum seekers. It proceeds to explain, in terms of the political morality of liberal democratic states, why this situation has arisen. Furthermore, it puts the case for Australia respecting and protecting the ICESCR rights of asylum seekers, and specifies exactly what such respect and protection would involve in practical terms. II AUSTRALIAN PRACTICE A The Protection Visa Application Determination System At present Australia purports to give effect to its treaty-based protection obligations primarily through the mechanism of the protection visa. Protection visa decisions are made by officers of the Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs ('DIMA') in the first instance, subject to merits review by the Refugee Review Tribunal ('RRT') and judicial review by the courts. (5) A non-citizen who holds a substantive visa at the time of making a protection visa application is granted a 'Bridging Visa A' upon the expiration of the former, thus enabling him or her to remain at liberty in the community during the primary and RRT stages of protection visa application processing. (6) A further 'Bridging Visa A' is granted to cover any period of judicial review. (7) A 'visa overstayer' (8) who applies for a protection visa is normally granted a 'Bridging Visa C' or 'Bridging Visa E subclass 050' to cover the primary and RRT stages of protection visa application processing, as well as a further bridging visa of the same class to cover any period of judicial review. …" @default.
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• W3123005064 date "2000-12-01" @default.
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• W3123005064 title "Do on-shore asylum seekers have economic and social rights? Dealing with the moral contradiction of liberal democracy." @default.
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