FRINK Linked Data Fragments server

Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W3123210961> ?p ?o ?g. }

• W3123210961 endingPage "1386" @default.
• W3123210961 startingPage "1375" @default.
• W3123210961 abstract "Religious exemptions are important, and sometimes required by the Free Exercise Clause. But religious exemptions can also be troubling, and sometimes forbidden by the Establishment Clause. It is the latter issue with which this Essay concerns itself. The Establishment Clause forbids religious favoritism, or at least many of us think it does. And if that's true, the Establishment Clause naturally prohibits religious exemptions when they amount to religious favoritism. Now the argument that religious exemptions always amount to religious favoritism has never persuaded the Court. It is just too obvious that one can support religious exemptions without necessarily supporting the religious belief or practice underlying it. (1) It is not for the truth of the matter asserted, a trial lawyer might say. Even so, particular religious exemptions might still violate the Establishment Clause. One might think, for example, of the parsonage allowance. (2) But that may not be the best example, because it might be too easy. The parsonage allowance is a tax exemption rather than a regulatory one, and (at least from one perspective) tax exemption is equivalent to government subsidy, and government subsidy of clergy implicates the core of the Establishment Clause. (3) But one could imagine a regulatory exemption that amounts to religious favoritism. An exemption sufficiently disconnected from the protection of religious exercise--a modern benefit-of-clergy statute, for example, that exempted ministers from the murder laws--would seem to be a solid case of that. (4) None of this seems all that controversial. But now a different question, which raises a different conception of the Establishment Clause: When are religious exemptions improper or unconstitutional because they burden third parties? This issue of third-party harms has received a lot of attention, (5) especially in light of Hobby Lobby. (6) Hobby Lobby initially sought an exemption from the contraceptive mandate that would have come at the expense of their employees, who would have then lacked insurance coverage for certain forms of contraception. The employees would have had, in essence, to shoulder the cost of someone else's religious commitments. The general principle here--that burdens on third parties matter--is well established. It fits with common sense; it accords with long-established free exercise notions of what counts as a compelling governmental interest. It also fits with well-established Establishment Clause precedent. In Cutter v. Wilkinson, following longstanding precedent, a unanimous Court said plainly that religious exemptions must take adequate account of the burdens ... impose [d] on nonbeneficiaries. (7) That seems to answer it. I. FOUR FACTORS Even so, much of the debate thus far has been about whether this third-party harm principle exists rather than what it might mean. Disagreements over baseline issues have taken up a lot of attention. (8) Take Hobby Lobby. One side says the baseline is the Affordable Care Act, and that any religious exemption to it therefore imposes discrete harm on workers. The other side says the baseline is the situation before the Affordable Care Act, as the objection in Hobby Lobby is directed at the Act itself, seeing it as a violation of religious conscience. This dispute deserves the attention it has gotten. But this Essay will accept that third-party harms matter. (9) (Otherwise this Essay will be over before it starts.) It turns instead to the practical details of the theory. And while this piece is a quick and rough examination of the issue, this Essay will suggest four factors relevant to the issue of third-party harms. A. The Magnitude of the Third-Party Harm The first is perhaps the most obvious and the most important--how severely are third parties injured by the religious exemption in question? How heavy is the third-party burden? This was one of the points stressed in Hobby Lobby, when scholars pointed out how severely the religious exemption would affect the female employees of Hobby Lobby. …" @default.
• W3123210961 created "2021-02-01" @default.
• W3123210961 creator A5023749114 @default.
• W3123210961 date "2016-04-01" @default.
• W3123210961 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
• W3123210961 title "Religious Exemptions, Third-Party Harms, and the Establishment Clause" @default.
• W3123210961 hasPublicationYear "2016" @default.
• W3123210961 type Work @default.
• W3123210961 sameAs 3123210961 @default.
• W3123210961 citedByCount "0" @default.
• W3123210961 crossrefType "journal-article" @default.
• W3123210961 hasAuthorship W3123210961A5023749114 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConcept C104636517 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConcept C138885662 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConcept C144024400 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConcept C17319257 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConcept C17744445 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConcept C185592680 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConcept C190253527 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConcept C199539241 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConcept C2778137410 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConcept C2778272461 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConcept C2778323131 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConcept C2779160553 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConcept C2779732188 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConcept C2994117223 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConcept C2994536602 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConcept C41895202 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConcept C55493867 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConcept C84265765 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConcept C98184364 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConceptScore W3123210961C104636517 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConceptScore W3123210961C138885662 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConceptScore W3123210961C144024400 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConceptScore W3123210961C17319257 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConceptScore W3123210961C17744445 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConceptScore W3123210961C185592680 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConceptScore W3123210961C190253527 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConceptScore W3123210961C199539241 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConceptScore W3123210961C2778137410 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConceptScore W3123210961C2778272461 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConceptScore W3123210961C2778323131 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConceptScore W3123210961C2779160553 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConceptScore W3123210961C2779732188 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConceptScore W3123210961C2994117223 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConceptScore W3123210961C2994536602 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConceptScore W3123210961C41895202 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConceptScore W3123210961C55493867 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConceptScore W3123210961C84265765 @default.
• W3123210961 hasConceptScore W3123210961C98184364 @default.
• W3123210961 hasIssue "4" @default.
• W3123210961 hasLocation W31232109611 @default.
• W3123210961 hasOpenAccess W3123210961 @default.
• W3123210961 hasPrimaryLocation W31232109611 @default.
• W3123210961 hasRelatedWork W1578471244 @default.
• W3123210961 hasRelatedWork W181792462 @default.
• W3123210961 hasRelatedWork W1924994581 @default.
• W3123210961 hasRelatedWork W1970456834 @default.
• W3123210961 hasRelatedWork W2036840919 @default.
• W3123210961 hasRelatedWork W2208437951 @default.
• W3123210961 hasRelatedWork W2254719035 @default.
• W3123210961 hasRelatedWork W2261971976 @default.
• W3123210961 hasRelatedWork W2290853368 @default.
• W3123210961 hasRelatedWork W2397913413 @default.
• W3123210961 hasRelatedWork W276212494 @default.
• W3123210961 hasRelatedWork W280658389 @default.
• W3123210961 hasRelatedWork W298154846 @default.
• W3123210961 hasRelatedWork W3121737675 @default.
• W3123210961 hasRelatedWork W3124466419 @default.
• W3123210961 hasRelatedWork W3124893380 @default.
• W3123210961 hasRelatedWork W3125548652 @default.
• W3123210961 hasRelatedWork W315622362 @default.
• W3123210961 hasRelatedWork W3123776385 @default.
• W3123210961 hasRelatedWork W3124394743 @default.
• W3123210961 hasVolume "91" @default.
• W3123210961 isParatext "false" @default.
• W3123210961 isRetracted "false" @default.
• W3123210961 magId "3123210961" @default.
• W3123210961 workType "article" @default.