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- W3123375692 abstract "Litigation surrounding use of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (“RFRA”) to exempt employers from the “contraception mandate” of the Affordable Care Act (“ACA”) is moving steadily towards resolution in the U.S. Supreme Court. Both opponents and supporters of the mandate, however, have overlooked the Establishment Clause limits on such exemptions. The heated religious liberty rhetoric aimed at the mandate has obscured that RFRA is a “permissive” rather than “mandatory” accommodation of religion — a government concession to religious belief and practice that is not required by the Free Exercise Clause. Permissive accommodations must satisfy Establishment Clause constraints, notably the requirement that the accommodation not impose material burdens on third parties who do not believe or participate in the accommodated practice. Many of the Court’s decisions under the Free Exercise Clause and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 exhibit a similar aversion to cost-shifting religious accommodations. While it is likely that RFRA facially complies with the Establishment Clause, it violates the clause’s limits on permissive accommodation as applied to the mandate. RFRA exemptions from the mandate would deny the employees of an exempted employer their ACA entitlement to contraceptives without cost sharing, forcing employees to purchase with their own money contraceptives and related services that would otherwise be available to them at no cost beyond their healthcare insurance premiums. Neither courts nor commentators seem aware that a line of permissive accommodation cases prohibits shifting the material costs of accommodating anticontraception beliefs from the employers who hold them to employees who do not. One federal appellate court has already mistakenly dismissed this cost shifting as irrelevant to the permissibility of RFRA exemptions from the mandate. The impermissibility of material cost shifting under the Establishment Clause is a threshold doctrine whose application is logically prior to all of the RFRA issues on which the courts are now focused: if RFRA exemptions from the mandate violate the Establishment Clause, then that is the end of RFRA exemptions, regardless of whether for-profit corporations are “persons” exercising re-" @default.
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- W3123375692 date "2013-01-01" @default.
- W3123375692 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
- W3123375692 title "RFRA Exemptions from the Contraception Mandate: An Unconstitutional Accommodation of Religion" @default.
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