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• W3123393745 abstract "TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION I. THE EVOLUTION OF STATUTORY DAMAGES IN U.S. COPYRIGHT LAW A. Statutory Damages Under the 1909 Act B. Statutory Damages Under the 1976 Act 1. Respects in Which Congress Limited Statutory Damages 2. Respects in Which Congress Broadened Statutory Damages II. STATUTORY DAMAGES AWARDS IN COPYRIGHT CASES SHOULD BE CONSISTENT WITH DUE PROCESS PRINCIPLES A. The Supreme Court's Due Process Jurisprudence Limits Punitive Damage Awards B. Some Copyright Statutory Damage Awards Are Consistent with Congress's Intent and Due Process Principles C. Some Copyright Statutory Damage Awards Are Inconsistent with Congressional Intent and Due Process Principles D. Punitive Statutory Damage Awards Are Subject to Due Process Limits III. PROPOSALS FOR REFORM A. Considering Statutory Damages in the Context of Other Copyright Remedies B. Reform Within the Current Statutory Framework 1. What Courts Should Do 2. What Courts Should Not Do C. Is There a Need for Legislative Reform? CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION The United States is an outlier in the global copyright community in giving plaintiffs in copyright cases the ability to elect, at any time before final judgment, to receive an award of statutory damages, which can be granted in any amount between $750 and $150,000 per infringed work. (1) U.S. copyright law provides scant guidance about where in that range awards should be made, other than to say that the award should be in an amount the court considers just, (2) and that the upper end of the spectrum--from $30,000 to $150,000 per infringed work--is reserved for infringers. (3) Although Congress intended this designation to apply only in exceptional cases, (4) courts have interpreted willfulness so broadly that those who merely should have known their conduct was infringing are often treated as willful infringers. (5) One might have expected courts to develop a jurisprudence to guide them in accomplishing the largely compensatory goal that has historically underlain the U.S. statutory damage remedy (6) or to formulate meaningful criteria for awarding enhanced damages in willful infringement cases. Unfortunately, this has not yet happened. Awards of statutory damages are frequently arbitrary, inconsistent, unprincipled, and sometimes grossly excessive. (7) Consider a few examples. In UMG Recordings, Inc. v. MP3.com, Inc., a trial court held that the defendant had willfully infringed copyrights by developing a database of music ripped from CDs the firm had purchased, after which the judge announced his intent to award statutory damages of $25,000 per infringed CD. (8) Approximately 4,700 CDs were at issue in the case, for a potential total award of over $118 million--despite the absence of any evidence of actual harm to the plaintiffs or profits to the defendant. (9) In another case, Elvin Feltner was initially held liable as a willful infringer for his station's unauthorized broadcast of television programs for which a court awarded the copyright owner statutory damages of $20,000 per work, for a total award of $8.8 million. (10) On appeal, Feltner argued that he had a right to a jury trial on the issue of statutory damages, and the Supreme Court agreed with him. (11) On remand, Feltner got his jury trial, but the jury handed down an even larger statutory damage award of $72,000 per work for exactly the same acts of infringement, resulting in a total award of over $31 million. (12) In a recent peer-to-peer (p2p) filesharing case, Capitol Records v. Thomas-Rasset, a jury awarded $80,000 per infringed song against an individual file-sharer, for a total award of over $1.92 million, (13) despite the trial judge's recognition that actual damages were approximately $50. …" @default.
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• W3123393745 date "2009-06-05" @default.
• W3123393745 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W3123393745 title "Statutory Damages in Copyright Law: A Remedy in Need of Reform" @default.
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