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• W3123660364 abstract "What is the definition of a flowering time gene? The answer is more complicated than you might think. Of course, flowering time genes control the transition from the vegetative to the reproductive phase. But there is increasing evidence that many of these genes have much broader functions (Auge et al., 2019). For example, FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), known for its role in repressing the floral transition until the plant has experienced a period of cold (vernalization), plays a role in seed germination as well (Chiang et al., 2009). And the floral integrator SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 (SOC1) also regulates stomatal opening (Kimura et al., 2015). Other examples are the TEMPRANILLO genes (TEM1 and TEM2). In 2008, TEM genes were found to function redundantly as floral repressors (Castillejo and Pelaz, 2008). Later, it was found that TEMs also regulate the length of the juvenile phase (Sgamma et al., 2014) and control trichome formation (Matias-Hernandez et al., 2016). In this issue, Michela Osnato and her colleagues found that TEMs regulate adaptive growth in response to salt stress at different developmental stages (Osnato et al., 2020). The investigation of stress tolerance in flowering time mutants is not trivial. In Arabidopsis, vegetative growth ceases once the plant enters the reproductive phase, and after seed production the plant dies. In flowering time mutants, the length of the vegetative phase is altered, which consequently alters the length of the life cycle. As the length of the life cycle can have a direct effect on survival rates, especially under stress conditions, flowering time mutants have a different reproductive success than wild-type plants. Indeed, the authors found that the shorter life cycle of tem1 tem2 double-mutant plants allowed them to complete their reproductive phase even under extreme salt stress while many of the wild-type plants died before flowering. However, further experiments showed that there was more going on. When they applied increasing NaCl concentrations, wild-type plants showed an increased delay in flowering, and high concentrations were lethal. However, tem1 tem2 plants only showed slightly inhibited growth, and all plants flowered around the same time, regardless of the treatment (Figure 1). Thus, the mutant plants showed decreased sensitivity to salt stress at the floral transition, indicating that TEMs play a genuine role in mediating salt stress. Besides the effect on flowering time, the authors observed that salt-induced leaf senescence was delayed in tem1 tem2 plants relative to the timing in wild-type plants. To investigate what caused the senescence phenotype, they measured chlorophyll and carotenoid content. They found that in the double mutant the total content of these pigments declined more slowly in response to salt treatment than in wild-type plants. As photosynthetic pigments are sensitive to oxidative damage, the authors tested if there was a difference in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) between the double mutant and the wild type. Indeed, tem1 tem2 plants accumulated lower levels of hydrogen peroxide, one of the most important ROS. The smaller amounts of ROS in the mutant plants coincided with higher expression of EARLY LIGHT-INDUCIBLE PROTEIN 2 (ELIP2), which encodes a protein that prevents excess accumulation of chlorophyll to prevent photo-oxidative stress (Hutin et al., 2003). This suggests that tem1 tem2 plants are less sensitive to salt-induced oxidative damage due to the accumulation of molecules with photoprotective functions. The authors also tested if jasmonic acid (JA) levels were altered, as this hormone is known to play an important role in stress responses and leaf senescence. They found that tem1 tem2 plants display lower JA levels as well as lower expression of JA biosynthetic genes. Together, these results indicate that TEMs function in salt stress-induced leaf senescence by modulating oxidative stress and the JA content. Osnato thinks that TEMs might have more roles besides the ones that are now identified. Transcriptome analysis showed that genes involved in stress responses were overrepresented amongst the differentially expressed genes. Hence it is possible that TEMs also play a role in other stress responses. Moreover, besides the altered JA levels that the authors observed in the tem1 tem2 plants in this study, previous research showed that TEMs regulate gibberellin content (Osnato et al., 2012). Because of their effect on hormone content, it is possible that TEMs have different functions throughout plant development that have not yet been revealed. The last author of the paper, Soraya Pelaz, said that her research team is currently trying to generate tem mutants in crops, as salt tolerance is a highly valuable trait. To do this, they have to take into account that generating such mutants might also cause a shorter life cycle, which is not always desirable in crops. Therefore, they are trying to find out if the salt tolerance of tem mutants can be separated from early flowering. If this is not possible, they will have to use other approaches to minimize the possible adverse effects of a shorter vegetative phase. For example, in rice, they have experimented with RNA interference to reduce TEM transcript levels rather than generating complete loss-of-function mutants. They obtained lines that only display a slightly altered flowering time, and now they will test if they still have increased salt tolerance. However, the question remains: if we try to reduce the effects on flowering time by mutating a flowering time gene, can we still call it a flowering time gene?" @default.
• W3123660364 created "2021-02-01" @default.
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• W3123660364 date "2021-01-01" @default.
• W3123660364 modified "2023-10-18" @default.
• W3123660364 title "Flowering time gene or jack of all trades?" @default.
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• W3123660364 doi "https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.15118" @default.
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