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• W3123850787 abstract "II. DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY: PARTICIPATORY GOVERNANCE AND VEHICLES FOR CIVIL DISCOURSE AS AN ALTERNATIVE FOR MUNICIPAL FISCAL DECISION MAKING The preceding Part explained the challenges facing local government officials with respect to making difficult fiscal budgeting decisions, especially in the context of the current economy and the present environment of unfunded mandates, fixed government costs, dwindling revenues and now a property tax cap. As documented above, municipal officials have been trying since the late 1970s to undo many unfunded mandates, meeting with only minor periodic relief. Required expenditures, including payments pursuant to sector collective bargaining agreements and pension fund contributions, account for a significant percentage of municipal budgets. (181) Many required local expenditures can be traced to federal and state statutes and directives, and therefore do not fall within the exclusive purview of each individual municipality to control. (182) Further, absent a constitutional amendment to allow for initiatives and referenda in New York, local residents have little power to force state legislators to provide relief from these fiscal requirements. While municipal officials and advocates continue the important work of educating federal and state lawmakers about the costly impacts of these mandates and requirements on local governments, the current fiscal crisis presents the perfect storm to positively engage members of the in taking greater ownership and interest in fiscal issues, and in providing meaningful input into the local budgeting process. A number of participatory frameworks exist from deliberative democracy processes to civic engagement strategies. This Part of the Article addresses different models that offer potential opportunities for the to provide meaningful input and articulate preferences and priorities when it comes to the allocation of limited dollars to support local government service delivery. The most identifiable method of engagement is the hearing. (183) Typically, however, state enabling statutes simply require one hearing prior to local legislative decision making. (184) For example, as part of the town budgeting process in New York, the budget is drafted by the budget officer who then turns the tentative budget into the town clerk, after which the town board reviews the budget and modifies it as needed. (185) The town board then conducts a hearing where town residents may voice their concerns. (186) After the hearing occurs, the town board may change the preliminary budget further, but state law does not require another hearing. (187) The local government, however, may prescribe additional requirements. (188) The required hearing is not an effective method of engagement for a number of reasons. First, hearings typically do not promote dialogue between members of the and decision makers because to satisfy the law, legislators need only provide an opportunity for the to speak. The legislators need not respond. Next, members of the speak to the decision making body, but they do not have the opportunity to engage each other in conversation. Furthermore, members of the typically have only a limited amount of time and to provide comments, and individuals are often prevented from speaking more than once during the hearing. These limitations mean that members of the cannot respond to other comments. Public hearings can leave members of a community dissatisfied and frustrated, feeling disconnected and lacking ownership in the ultimate decision. A. Deliberative Democracy In the participatory governance model, however, active involvement of residents in government decision making which may include deliberative democracy and collaborative governance is preferable. (189) It is when the vote is taken from the politicians and placed into the public sphere that accountability and justification will emerge within government decision making. …" @default.
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• W3123850787 title "Engaging Deliberative Democracy at the Grassroots: Prioritizing the Effects of the Fiscal Crisis in New York at the Local Government Level" @default.
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