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• W3124207898 abstract "IntroductionNot long ago, the standing of the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit as the most powerful and influential institution in patent law was indubitable. These days, however, it seems like everyone wants a piece of the patent action. In recent years, the Supreme Court, Congress, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO), the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), the Department of Justice (DOJ), state attorneys general, federal district courts, state courts, and even the Advisory Committee on the Federal Rules have all asserted power over patent-related matters to some degree.1 The result is a new era in patent law's history marked by power struggles and political wrangling among these lawmaking bodies.Many factors have contributed to this move toward decentralization-and, arguably, destabilization-of the patent system. First, as patent rights have become increasingly important to the economy, stakeholder groups have expanded causing a broad array of institutional actors to engage with patent issues.2 Second, while acknowledging the importance of high-quality patents, accused infringers have been complaining about the impact of bad patents, patent trolls, and frivolous infringement suits for more than a decade now.3 When efforts to reform the system met resistance at the Federal Circuit, accused infringers turned elsewhere for help.4 Finally, and perhaps most importantly, when Congress passed the 2011 America Invents Act (AIA),5 it radically altered the power dynamic in patent law by providing the PTO with a host of new responsibilities and powers.6Prior to the AIA, the Federal Circuit dominated patent policy vis-a-vis the PTO.7 This was due in large part to the Federal Circuit's determination that the PTO lacked substantive rulemaking authority and its refusal to afford deference to PTO legal interpretations.8 A number of commentators criticized the Federal Circuit's approach, arguing that it contradicts mainstream administrative law principles, marginalizes the PTO, and undermines the development of sound patent policy.9 Moreover, in the years leading up to the passage of the AIA, the executive branch urged Congress to grant the PTO substantive rulemaking authority.10 Indeed, such a provision made its way into at least one early version of the legislation.11In the end, the AIA did not include an explicit provision regarding the PTO's substantive rulemaking authority.12 Yet, the legislation has effected a major power shift in the patent system nonetheless. Not only does the AIA endow the PTO with fee-setting authority,13 it also empowers the agency to decide matters of patent validity in various post-grant adjudicatory proceedings.14 These proceedings, conducted by the newly created Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB), have begun to redefine the PTO.The PTO, which is responsible for granting patents, has long been plagued with a reputation as a weak and ineffectual agency. Critics claim, among other things, that the PTO's fee structures and internal operating procedures bias the agency toward granting patents.15 More pointedly, the agency has been accused of kowtowing to the patent bar-the group that the PTO is supposed to be regulating-and blamed for flooding the marketplace with bad patents.16 Indeed, these concerns about agency capture and incompetence helped spur the reform efforts that culminated in the AIA.17The AIA, and its creation of the PTAB in particular, have ushered in a new era in the PTO's history. Where the PTO was once viewed as a weak, captured agency whose sole purpose was to serve its customers-i.e., patent applicants-today's PTO, like so many modern federal agencies, is multifunctional. Agencies such as the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the FTC consist of various offices or arms that perform wide-ranging functions in furtherance of the agency's mission.18 With the creation of the PTAB and formal adjudicatory proceedings, the PTO is beginning to look more like these other agencies. …" @default.
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• W3124207898 date "2016-12-01" @default.
• W3124207898 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W3124207898 title "Public Enforcement of Patent Law" @default.
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