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• W3124359491 abstract "INTRODUCTIONThe Civil Rights Act is at a pivotal point at fifty. Title VII in particular faces something of an early- to mid-life crisis, and one of principal struggles during this time of crisis is over contours of systemic discrimination law. Organizations have largely shed their banners refusing to hire blacks and women, but in some organizations employment success of members of protected groups continues to be dampened biased employment decisions. We as a society must decide whether and when these organizations will be held liable under Title VII. The issue is one of policy, though courts rarely frame it as such. Instead, they are incrementally moving systemic discrimination law in new directions. In this Article, I examine one such incremental move.At oral argument in Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes,1 Justice Kennedy proposed a for systemic discrimination claims under Title VII of Civil Rights Act.2 His proposal followed on a similar suggestion made Chief Justice Roberts,3 and even Justices Ginsburg and Breyer asked questions that might be construed along these lines.4 Glimmers of analogue also surface in Supreme Court's majority opinion in case.5 Why are Justices drawn to this analogy? And, more importantly, is it apt? Using police misconduct6 as a specific contextual lens, this Article, part of Boston University Law Review Symposium, The Civil Rights Act at Fifty: Past, Present, and Future, probes similarities and differences between patterns and practices of misconduct litigated under Title VII of Civil Rights Act (discrimination in employment) and patterns and practices of misconduct litigated under § 14141 (excessive force and other misconduct police officers) governed law of Monell. I argue that is a mistake, and I show why. It turns out that there are similarities between police misconduct carried out in police departments and discrimination carried out in work organizations, but differences in laws are greater than similarities in problems. And even similarities in problems drive home why Title VII law should not look more like Monell.I. THE MONELL ANALOGUEA. The Backdrop: The Law of MonellFor many years, local governments could not be sued individuals for constitutional violations because governments were not considered under section 1983, federal statute that provides a private right of action for such violations.7 In 1978, in Monell v. New York City Department of Social Services,8 Supreme Court reversed position, holding that local governments could indeed be sued for damages as well as for injunctive and declaratory relief.9 But, said Court in Monell, a government body will not be held liable under a theory of respondeat superior for constitutional violations of individual actors.10 Instead, to obtain governmental entity liability a plaintiff must prove that individual actor(s) at issue acted pursuant to an unconstitutional policy or informal custom of government.11 A plaintiff might do this directly with proof of bias or other mal-intent on part of highlevel decision-makers who adopted an unconstitutional government policy, or indirectly by showing a series of bad acts and inviting court to infer from them that policy-making level of government was bound to have noticed what was going on and failing to do anything must have encouraged or at least condoned . . . misconduct of subordinate officers.12In 1989, in City of Canton v. Harris,13 Court expanded Monell to apply to cases of to train.14 The Court unanimously held that the inadequacy of police training may serve as basis for § 1983 liability, specifically where failure to train amounts to deliberate indifference to rights of persons with whom police come into contact.15 In a separate opinion, concurring in part and dissenting in part, Justice O'Connor elaborated. …" @default.
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• W3124359491 date "2015-05-01" @default.
• W3124359491 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W3124359491 title "On Employment Discrimination and Police Misconduct: Title VII and the Mirage of the Monell Analogue" @default.
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