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- W3124454913 abstract "Private law provides diverse remedies for right violations: compensatory and punitive, monetary and nonmonetary, self-help and court awarded. The literature has discussed these (and other) classifications of remedies, yet it has overlooked the important distinction between direct and indirect remedies. Some remedies directly order rights-infringers to realize the desired outcome, while others bring it about indirectly, by inducing them to self-comply. This classification cuts across the traditional ones.This Article fills the gap in the literature by introducing the novel category of indirect remedies. It identifies how indirect remedies are used in current legal rules - with examples from property, contract, tort, intellectual property, and family law - and underscores several advantages of the indirect form of relief. The normative discussion demonstrates that indirect remedies may be superior to direct ones in encouraging cooperative and considerate behavior, reducing interference with personal autonomy, fulfilling the educative role of the law, preserving the parties' relationship, decreasing expressive harms, and mitigating litigation costs and the distorting effect that wealth has on the vindication of rights. In light of these benefits, this Article sets guidelines for crafting additional indirect remedies in new contexts.DAPHNA LEWINSOHN-ZAMIR** Louis Marshall Professor of Environmental Law, Faculty of Law, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. For their helpful comments and suggestions, I am grateful to Katya Assaf, Hanoch Dagan, Avihay Dorfman, Bob Ellickson, Larissa Katz, Roy Kreitner, Amnon Lehavi, Guy Pessach, Ariel Porat, Michal Shur-Ofry, Joe Singer, Stephanie Stern, Eyal Zamir, and the participants in the Fourth Property Works in Progress Conference at Fordham Law School, the Fifth Law and Economic Analysis Conference at Academia Sinica, the Private Law Workshop at Tel-Aviv University, and the Colloquium at the Center for Transnational Legal Studies.INTRODUCTIONAll legal systems must design remedies for rights violations. The vast literature on this subject has offered several classifications of remedies. We are well familiar with the distinction between compensatory and punitive remedies,1 monetary and nonmonetary remedies,2 and extrajudicial and court-awarded remedies.3 These classifications differ in terms of their content, aims, and scope. Yet we intuitively assume that all remedies have a common denominator: they attain the desired outcome directly.Take, for instance, the distinction between monetary and nonmonetary remedies. When the strived-for outcome is that the promisee receive expectation damages from the promisor, the remedy directly realizes this goal by ordering payment of the sum. Alternatively, when the desired outcome is that the contracted-for asset be delivered in-kind, the promisee is awarded specific performance. Thus, regardless of whether the law aims at a monetary or a nonmonetary outcome, the remedy embodies the desired result.The same seems to be true for the other classifications as well. Once we have determined whether the wrongdoer should pay compensatory or punitive damages, the remedy requires the wrongdoer to pay the chosen amount. Likewise, if the injured party is entitled to exercise self-help in lieu of suing in court, one intuitively assumes that both the extrajudicial and the judicial remedies attain the end result in a similar way. Thus, when a trespasser has wrongfully ousted a possessor, both the self-help measure and the stateenforced injunction directly restore possession through forceful expulsion of the wrongdoer.The direct correlation between remedies and outcomes seems not only descriptively accurate, but also normatively sound. If the law is to save time and money for all the parties - plaintiffs, defendants, and courts - should not it always grant the remedy that embodies the desired outcome?This Article argues that this ostensibly rhetorical question should often be answered in the negative. …" @default.
- W3124454913 created "2021-02-01" @default.
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- W3124454913 date "2013-01-01" @default.
- W3124454913 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
- W3124454913 title "Do the Right Thing: Indirect Remedies in Private Law" @default.
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