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• W3124513969 abstract "1. INTRODUCTION Gabriela Stanciulescu's article, role of urban marketing in the local economic in Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management (TERUM) is relevant because of the current emphasis on entrepreneurial urban governance as a way to remedy the 'urban crisis' (Hall and Hubbard, 1998). Stanciulescu (2009) argues that the only way to improve urban economic development is through a 'market-oriented local development' (p.116). To her, local communities should be promoted in the same way that any product or service in the private sector is marketed (p.115). If we are able to do this, Stanciulescu argues, we would be able to attract new national and international companies, consolidate industrial infrastructure, expand tourism and improve transport and health services in cities (p.114). Drawing solely on neoclassical theory, Stanciulescu (2009) argues that the market is 'the most suitable' approach to achieve urban economic development (p.117) and solve urban problems (p.114). It is important to consider other perspectives on this subject because of the charge that market theory provides a narrow view of the economy; poorly analyses oligopoly, fails to account for social developments, power relations and class concerns (Anderson, 2004). The alternative to neoclassical theory, the political economy perspective, would give the numerous readers of TERUM a balanced view. From this latter perspective, I shall argue that though urban marketing may succeed in attracting businesses to the city, it could be counter productive in the long-run because it (1) leads to accumulation by dispossession; (2) fails to take into account the peculiar needs of the poor; (3) promotes underemployment and (4) unleashes inequality in cities. City managers planning to aggressively market their cities and heed the advice to 'think like a profit-oriented firm' (Stanciulescu, 2009) should invariably expect possible unrests and social upheavals of the majority poor whose material lives are adversely affected by urban marketing. 2. ACCUMULATION BY DISPOSSESSION AND URBAN MARKETING The preoccupation to attract capital into cities is wont with dispossession of various forms. First, capital is not attracted to a heavily regulated city. For this reason, urban marketing necessarily comes with the privatisation of city services like waste collection and water provision. But city services are not the only assets that common urbanites are denied as a result of urban marketing. Personal assets, like land and housing, tend also to be lost through the attraction of businesses into cities. To cite one example, real estate companies in India are even buying hills to accumulate more capital after buying out the land of the poor (Naik, 2008). Such tendency to accumulate goes beyond cities, of course. According to David Harvey (2003, p.141), some form of 'outside' is needed to sustain capitalism. This 'outside' may be in the form of private capital (like businesses, corporations) moving from one country to another; one city to another; a town to a city; a city to a town or simply privatising assets/areas (e.g. education, healthcare) which were hitherto not 'capitalised'. Whatever it is, there is a tendency for capital to accumulate by dispossessing; a tendency towards monopoly. So multinational companies/supermarkets bypass traditional markets where smallholders sell to local markets and traders. These multinational companies control 60 to 70% of food sales in Argentina and Brazil, and are expanding rapidly in China and the whole of Africa. In 2004 the market share for the four largest agrochemicals and seed companies reached 60 % for agrochemicals and 33% for seeds, up from 47% and 23% in 1997, respectively. The concentration ratio of the largest four (CR4) in biotechnology patents was 38%. With reference to subsectors, multinational control is much higher, with one company controlling as much as 91% of the worldwide transgenic soybean area (World Bank, 2007). …" @default.
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• W3124513969 date "2010-02-01" @default.
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• W3124513969 title "The Role of Urban Marketing in Local Economic Development a Political Economic Perspective" @default.
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