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• W3124531341 abstract "I. INTRODUCTION II. CONDOMINIA IN INTERNATIONAL LAW III. THE HISTORICAL SETTING A. Pre-Independence: 1522-1821 B. Post-Independence: 1821-1917 IV. CONDOMINIUM AND OUTSIDE INTERESTS; CONDOMINIUM AND HARMONY OF INTERESTS V. THE BRYAN-CHAMORRO TREATY AND ITS AFTERMATH VI. THE 1917 DECISION OF THE CACJ AND ITS AFTERMATH VII. CONCLUSIONS I. INTRODUCTION concept of as indivisible building block of the state system dates to the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. (1) A doctrinal formulation introduced earlier by Jean Bodin (1530-1596) (2) distilled to the absolute, and perpetual power of individual to rule over subjects and territory. (3) This personification of the individual as ruler found artistic and iconic expression on the copper-plate engraving adorning the title page of the first English language edition of Hobbes' Leviathan (1651). (4) inscription at the top of the copper-plate, serving as the motto of the sovereign, derives from the Book of Job (41:33): Non est potestas super terram quae compareteur ei: Upon earth, there is not his like. uniqueness of the sovereign, the magnus homo, (5) meant he had no earthly counterpart with whom to divide or share power; as French king Louis XIV (1638-1715) purportedly quipped, L'Etat c'est moi. (6) Carl Schmitt, Hobbes' twentieth century admirer, interpreted the Leviathan engraving as contributing powerfully to the evocative effect of the book, (7) and doubtless, to the enduring significance of the concept of undivided sovereignty. Few concepts in international law have endured as long or have been to as much scrutiny and diatribe. (8) In age where this dogma of sovereignty still influences international legal discussion, (9) how curious is it to consider the prospect of amalgam of sovereignties presiding indivisibly over joint property, where states are granted jus prohibendi, enjoining one joint owner from doing anything harmful to the interests of other socii (associates)? (10) And how more curious is it to consider the extension of this essentially territorial concept seaward, to realm once thought by Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) so immense it could never be possessed? (11) Analogized from private property concepts of Roman law (pro indiviso communis), (12) these curious adaptations resulted not by international agreement among but by the judgment of the Chamber of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in the historically complicated case involving the Gulf of Fonseca and the 1992 Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute Between El Salvador and Honduras, with Nicaragua Intervening (Gulf of Fonseca case). (13) There, the Chamber gave juridical expression to the pelagic adaptation of the concept of condominium. (14) This Article investigates the legal and historical bases for this application of condominium, which found expression in the Chamber's determination that the maritime space in dispute--the Gulf of Fonseca--constitutes a condominium of co-ownership; (15) not simply of an historic (16)--but of an enclosed pluri-State bay; (17) it characterized the Gulf as closed sea (18)--but subject to joint of ... three coastal states, (19) having internal waters--but subject to special and particular regime not only of [threefold] (20) joint but of rights of passage. (21) In judicial administration, the presumption of jura novit curia reigns: The court knows the law, which it may apply ex officio, that is, independent of the legal arguments of the parties in dispute. (22) But in this case, did the Chamber know its facts? And after wending its way through land, island, and maritime geo-space regimes, involving by its own estimation a kind of bay for which ... there are notoriously no agreed and codified rules, (23) where did the Chamber find this curious law about sharing sovereignty? II. CONDOMINIA IN INTERNATIONAL LAW Condominium arrangements arise when two or more states exercise joint over territory. …" @default.
• W3124531341 created "2021-02-01" @default.
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• W3124531341 date "2015-06-22" @default.
• W3124531341 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W3124531341 title "Jura Novit Curia? Condominium in the Gulf of Fonseca and the Local Illusion of a Pluri-State Bay" @default.
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