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• W3124546260 abstract "INTRODUCTION You have just purchased an item of tangible personal property--a car, a refrigerator, or a new shirt. You own the item, of course, because under U.C.C. Article 2, when you pay consideration to the seller, title transfers to you. Although you are the owner of the item, the manufacturer (or possibly the distributor) has placed devices on the item to help the manufacturer track the item. This is generally referred to as automated identification technologies (Auto-ID). (1) You are aware and probably approve of the use of bar codes, because they speed up the process of buying the item. Although you probably do not give it much thought, you usually throw away the packaging that contains the bar code, and so there is no risk that your use of the item can be tracked at a later date. However, because of the need for human intervention and the potential for errors in capturing data, bar codes are not the best way to track an item through the distribution system. Barcodes must be scanned by a laser, which requires them to be within the line of sight of the scanner. Instead, the distributor, a major international retailer with the clout to make demands on its suppliers, now insists that a new form of Auto-ID be placed on the item, one that requires no human intervention to read, and can be tracked down to the individual item anywhere along the supply chain--a radio frequency identification tag (RFID tag). (2) These RFID tags, or just tags, can be quite small. A tag requires no direct human interaction to operate, can be activated remotely by radio transmissions, and can broadcast its signal through walls. In addition, the system is designed so that each tag has a unique identification code, allowing the merchant to distinguish between individual items containing tags. It's so unobtrusive that you the consumer do not even notice that your sweater has a tag attached to the collar. The tag may even allow the retailer to collect information about the item, such as where it has been anywhere on the globe, how it has been operated, and any other information tracked by sensors built into the tag. If the tag is embedded in your car, the amount of information tracked could be quite extensive. If the tag is more sophisticated, it may also have its own power source, which gives it the ability to store data about your location, the use of the item in which it is embedded, and any other piece of information the manufacturer can track through the tag. Should you care? And whose information is it, anyway? At the moment, this technology is primarily being used for inventory control at the distribution level, with the tags being placed on containers and packages. (3) This allows major retailers to follow the product all the way through the supply chain, from the manufacturers' warehouses to the retailers' stores. Wal-Mart, for example, is requiring its one hundred largest suppliers to place an RFID tag on all palettes of products, which Wal-Mart has found can reduce out-of-stocks by as much sixteen percent. (4) More sophisticated applications may be on the horizon. Hitachi has produced an RFID tag the size of a grain of sand, making item level tagging a distinct possibility. Industry proponents promote the technology as providing a wide variety of benefits to businesses (5) and consumers. (6) However, even if the technological challenges are overcome, it will likely be some time before the economics make sense. (7) This article will explore the extent to which someone can own or control the information contained on the tag, and who that person is. Part I will discuss the technology--both currently available and under development--for implementing RFID. Part II will discuss direct ownership of the data contained on the tag under such theories as copyright law. Part III will discuss ownership of the data through ownership of the hardware. Part IV will discuss how a manufacturer might be able to control access to the data, even where it does not own the data or the hardware. …" @default.
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• W3124546260 date "2006-05-01" @default.
• W3124546260 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
• W3124546260 title "RFID and Other Embedded Technologies Who Owns the Data" @default.
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