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• W3124922028 abstract "Transmission of Rumor and Criticism in Twitter after the Great Japan Earthquake Yuko Tanaka (Yuko.Tanaka@stevens.edu) Howe School of Technology Management, Stevens Institute of Technology Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA Yasuaki Sakamoto (Yasuaki.Sakamoto@stevens.edu) Howe School of Technology Management, Stevens Institute of Technology Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA Toshihiko Matsuka (matsukat@muscat.L.chiba-u.ac.jp) Department of Cognitive and Information Science, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoicho, Inage Ward, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 263-8522 JAPAN Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine psychological factors that affect the transmission of rumor and criticism in social media during disasters. 40 students at Chiba University evaluated 10 rumor tweets and corresponding 10 criticism tweets that were posted in Twitter after the Japan March 11 Earthquake. Among some psychological factors, only importance was related to intended transmission of rumor. Surprisingly, accuracy and anxiety were not predictors of any transmission. Estimated transmission of criticisms was higher when its importance was high, while that of rumor did not vary according to importance. Interestingly, although participants estimated that criticisms were spread more than rumor, they intended to transmit rumors as much as criticisms. Keywords: Rumor; criticism; technology; communication disaster; social media; Introduction A 9.0 magnitude earthquake hit northeastern Japan on March 11, 2011. The Great East Japan Earthquake triggered powerful tsunami waves and a series of aftershocks, which caused a devastating damage to the country. During the disasters, social media played an important role in obtaining and transmitting information to understand the situation. An example is Twitter, which enables its users to send and read text massages of up to 140 characters, known as “tweets,” and to forward a message by re-tweeting a tweet to followers through a single click. Communications during disasters increasingly relies on social media like Twitter. One reason is that social media allow immediate and interactive information transmission. This advantage, for example, led to the discovery and rescue of some individuals who were isolated in a disaster area after the Japan Earthquake. Although social media can play an important role in sharing information and coordinating disaster response, social media can also facilitate the dissemination of false information, potentially creating widespread panic. After the Japan Earthquake, for example, Twitter was immediately filled with tweets about the disaster that included not only useful information but also false rumors (Ogiue, 2011; Tachiiri, 2011). The spread of false rumors about the disaster became a major social problem, and the Japanese government called attention to false rumors on the Internet. Given the growing use of social media in people’s everyday life, cognitive science research needs to examine how people process information using social media technologies. This work contributes to this need by analyzing the transmission of rumor and criticism in Twitter after the Japan Earthquake. During disasters, factors such as time pressure and psychological stress come into play, and each individual’s decision and action can have significant impact. For instance, the immediate and far-reaching spread of false information can be detrimental. Thus, it is important to study how users interact with information in social media. Although Twitter is a new technology started in 2006, the spread of false rumors during disasters is not a new phenomenon (e.g., Prasad, 1935; Sinha, 1952). For example, Prasad (1935) categorized rumors after the great Indian earthquake of 1934. He found that the same types of rumors about earthquakes appear again and again in different locations during the past 1,000 years (Prasad, 1950). Rumor study caught attention after World War II (see Rosnow & Foster, 2005). Rumor was defined as “unverified and instrumentally relevant information statements in circulation that arise in contexts of ambiguity, danger, or potential threat and that function to help people make sense and manage risk” (DiFonzo & Bordia, 2007, p.13). It was distinguished from gossip, defined as an evaluative statement about someone’s private lives. Past rumor studies revealed psychological factors that affect rumor behavior, such as accuracy, anxiety, and importance of rumors, and examined rumors in different situations, including universities, organizations, and communities (Anthony, 1973; DiFonzo & Bordia, 2000; Rosnow, 1991; Rosnow, et al., 1988; Walker & Beckele," @default.
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• W3124922028 title "Transmission of Rumor and Criticism in Twitter after the Great Japan Earthquake" @default.
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