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• W3125258504 abstract "INTRODUCTION How does Constitution limit subject matter of U.S.'s treaties? For decades, conventional wisdom adopted a textual emphasis--prohibitions and other limits on federal authority listed in Constitution itself (e.g., Bill of Rights) apply to U.S. treaties. (1) In contrast, proposals for subject matter limitations implied by federalism fared less well. The case of Missouri v. Holland is famous precisely because it dismissed idea of any structural invisible radiation from Tenth Amendment prohibiting treaties on subjects falling within states' reserved (2) The Supreme Court emphasized U.S. treatymakers could not only conclude treaties independent of states' rights concerns, but Necessary and Proper Clause authorized Congress to implement them independent of its enumerated (3) A more affirmative requirement U.S. treaties regulate only subjects of concern suffered a similar fate. (4) As Restatement (Third) of Foreign Relations Law of United States notes, Contrary to what was once suggested, Constitution does not require an agreement deal only with 'matters of concern.' (5) Taken together, such pronouncements suggest federalism imposes neither affirmative nor negative limits on which treaties United States concludes or how it implements them. In recent years, Missouri v. Holland and its two holdings have come under increasing scrutiny. (6) Academics like Curtis Bradley called for limits on treaty power itself, subjecting treaties to the same federalism limitations apply to Congress's legislative powers. (7) Others like Nicholas Rosenkranz looked to undermine Missouri v. Holland's suggestion Congress could implement treaties beyond its enumerated powers under Necessary and Proper Clause. (8) Both positions generated robust rebuttals from those committed to preserving Missouri v. Holland's canonical status in U.S. foreign relations law. (9) These debates did little, however, to resuscitate idea of affirmative federalism limits on treaty power to matters of Critics dismissed such a test as incapable of protecting federalism in mod- ern treaty context since [t]oday, almost any issue can plausibly be labeled 'international.' (10) Thus, when Supreme Court agreed to consider Chemical Weapons Convention Implementation Act (CWCIA) in Bond v. United States, court watchers focused almost exclusively on whether Court would sustain Missouri v. Holland or reconsider its holdings. (11) Noticeably absent from prognostications was any substantial discussion of defining treaty power in international terms. Bond was thus a surprising decision on two levels. First, majority avoided Missouri v. Holland issues entirely. (12) Second, case demonstrated concern test is neither dead nor dying. Those Justices offering views on constitutional scope of treaty power--Alito, Scalia, and Thomas--all accepted some version of test. Justice Thomas authored a concurrence (joined by Scalia and (largely) Alito) devoted to demonstrating the Treaty Power can be used to arrange intercourse with other nations, but not to regulate purely domestic affairs. (13) In a separate concurrence, Justice Alito explained that treaty power is limited to agreements address matters of legitimate concern. (14) This Article explores whether Constitution limits making and implementation of U.S. treaties to subjects of international intercourse or It does so in two steps. First, I undertake existential inquiry, asking if Constitution requires a nexus between treaties and international subject matters. I argue Justices Alito, Scalia, and Thomas are correct--and Restatement (Third) is wrong--on question of whether Constitution imposes an affirmative subject matter limitation on treaty power. …" @default.
• W3125258504 created "2021-02-01" @default.
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• W3125258504 date "2015-03-01" @default.
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• W3125258504 title "An Intersubjective Treaty Power" @default.
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